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Technology
Technology is a broad concept that deals with an animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects an animal species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. Technology is a term with origins in the Greek "technologia", "τεχνολογία" — "techne", "τέχνη" ("craft") and "logia", "λογία" ("saying").[1] However, a strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include "construction technology", "medical technology", or "state-of-the-art technology". The human race's use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms. Philosophical debates have arisen over the present and future use of technology in society, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, claiming that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno-progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition. Indeed, until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to human beings, but recent scientific studies indicate that other primates and certain dolphin communities have developed simple tools and learned to pass their knowledge to other generations. Contents [hide] 1 Definition and usage 2 Science, engineering and technology 3 Role in human history 3.1 Paleolithic (2.5 million – 10,000 BC) 3.1.1 Stone tools 3.1.2 Fire 3.1.3 Clothing and shelter 3.2 Neolithic through Classical Antiquity (10,000BC – 300AD) 3.2.1 Metal tools 3.2.2 Energy and Transport 3.3 Modern history (0CE —) 4 Technology and philosophy 4.1 Technicism 4.2 Optimism 4.3 Pessimism 4.4 Appropriate technology 5 Other animal species 6 See also 6.1 Theories and concepts in technology 6.2 Economics of technology 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links 10 Further reading Definition and usage The invention of the printing press made it possible for scientists and politicians to communicate their ideas with ease, leading to the Age of Enlightenment; an example of technology as a cultural force.In general technology is the relationship that society has with its tools and crafts, and to what extent society can control its environment. The Merriam-Webster dictionary offers a definition of the term: "the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area" and "a capability given by the practical application of knowledge".[1] Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 "Real World of Technology" lecture, gave another definition of the concept; it is "practice, the way we do things around here".[2]

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are often used, such as based on similarity of DNA or morphology. Presence of specific locally adapted traits may further subdivide species into subspecies.

The commonly used names for plant and animal taxa sometimes correspond to species: for example, "lion," "walrus," and "Camphor tree" – each refers to a species. In other cases common names do not: for example, "deer" refers to a family of 34 species, including Eld's Deer, Red Deer and Elk (Wapiti). The last two species were once considered a single species, illustrating how species boundaries may change with increased scientific knowledge.

Each species is placed within a single genus. This is a hypothesis that the species is more closely related to other species within its genus than to species of other genera. All species are given a binomial name consisting of the generic name and specific name (or specific epithet). For example, Pinus palustris (commonly known as the Longleaf Pine). The taxonomic ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

A usable definition of the word "species" and reliable methods of identifying particular species are essential for stating and testing biological theories and for measuring biodiversity. Traditionally, multiple examples of a proposed species must be studied for unifying characters before it can be regarded as a species. Extinct species known only from fossils are generally difficult to give precise taxonomic rankings to.

Because of the difficulties with both defining and tallying the total numbers of different species in the world, it is estimated that there are anywhere between 2 and 100 million different species.[1]

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[edit] Binomial convention for naming species

In scientific classification, a species is assigned a two-part name, treated as Latin, although roots from any language can be used as well as names of locales or individuals. The genus is listed first (with its leading letter capitalized), followed by a second term: for example, gray wolves belong to the species Canis lupus, coyotes to Canis latrans, golden jackals to Canis aureus, etc., and all of those belong to the genus Canis (which also contains many other species). The name of the species is the whole binomial, not just the second term (which may be called specific name for animals).

Biological classification or scientific classification in biology, is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis. Modern biological classification has its root in the work of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings since have been revised to improve consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent. Molecular systematics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions and is likely to continue to do so. Biological classification belongs to the science of biological systematics.

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[edit] Early systems

[edit] Ancient through medieval times

Current systems of classifying forms of life descend from the thought presented by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who published in his metaphysical and logical works the first known classification of everything whatsoever, or "being". This is the scheme that gave moderns such words as substance, species and genus and was retained in modified and less general form by Linnaeus.

Aristotle also studied animals and classified them according to method of reproduction, as did Linnaeus later with plants. Aristotle's animal classification was soon made obsolete by additional knowledge and was forgotten.

The philosophical classification is in brief as follows.[1] Primary substance is the individual being; for example, Peter, Paul, etc. Secondary substance is a predicate that can properly or characteristically be said of a class of primary substances; for example, man of Peter, Paul, etc. The characteristic must not be merely in the individual; for example, being skilled in grammar. Grammatical skill leaves most of Peter out and therefore is not characteristic of him. Similarly man (all of mankind) is not in Peter; rather, he is in man.

Species is the secondary substance that is most proper to its individuals. The most characteristic thing that can be said of Peter is that Peter is a man. An identity is being postulated: "man" is equal to all its individuals and only those individuals. Members of a species differ only in number but are totally the same type.

A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. Typically biologists study organisms and their relationship to their environment. Biologists involved in basic research attempt to discover underlying mechanisms that govern how organisms work. Biologists involved in applied research attempt to develop or improve medical, industrial or agricultural processes.

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[edit] Training

There are many types of biologists. Some deal with the macroscopic world, and others with the microscopic. There is much overlap between different fields, and it is often hard to classify a biologist as only one of them. Many jobs in biology as a field require an academic degree. A Ph.D. (or equivalent) is generally required to direct independent research, and involves a specialization in a specific area of biology (U.S. Department of Labor). Many biological scientists work in research and development. Some conduct basic research to advance our knowledge of living organisms, including bacteria and other infectious agents. Basic biological research enhances our understanding so that we can develop solutions to human health problems and improve the natural environment. These biological scientists mostly work in government, university, or private industry laboratories, often exploring new areas of research. Many expand on specialized research they started in graduate school.

[edit] Funding

Many research scientists must submit grant proposals to obtain funding for their projects. Colleges and universities, private industry, and Federal Government agencies such as the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation contribute to the support of scientists whose research proposals are determined to be financially feasible and to have the potential to advance new ideas or processes.

[edit] Research

Biological scientists who work in applied research or product development use knowledge gained by basic research to develop new drugs, treatments, and medical diagnostic tests; increase crop yields; and develop new biofuels. They usually have less freedom than basic researchers do to choose the emphasis of their research, and they spend more time working on marketable treatments to meet the business goals of their employers. Biological scientists doing applied research and product development in private industry may be required to describe their research plans or results to nonscientists who are in a position to veto or approve their ideas.

 

 
15inch_ 16inch Silver Show Barrel Racer by Billy Cook
Welcome to beauty_ speed_ and durability. This Billy Cook silver show barrel racer promises to help your horse perform to his fullest potential. From the rawhide braided horn to the bell laced stirrups_ this saddle has the beautiful craftsmanship that we've come to expect from Billy Cook. It's built on a rawhide covered tree with Quarter horse bars and features a cantle with rawhide silver laced overlay and inskirt rigging. The light leather features floral and Half Breed tooling with roughout fenders and the seat has a unique quilted design. 21 strand cinch included.~@~@Tree: C.J. rawhide covered_ Quarter horse bars ~@Seat Size: 16inch ~@Horn: 1 3/4inch rawhide braided with BC cap ~@Swell: 13inch rawhide laced ~@Cantle: 4inch or 5inch rawhide overlay ~@Rigging: In skirt with cutout ~@Skirts: Artificial fleece lined ~@Stirrups: 2inch bell rawhide covered and laced ~@Pattern: Hand tooled Texas oak ~@Trim: Silver plate
Price: 1174.00

16inch Classic Crates Economy Reiner Basket Stamped cr244-c
If you're looking for a quality_ durable reining saddle_ but want to pay below average price for one_ look no further. Crates offers economy saddles that will save you money without sacrificing quality. Because they're built just like their classic reining saddles_ they carry the same level of craftsmanship and durability. The only difference is that the economy reiners are made with inchTannery Runinch saddle skirting leather_ which may contain natural range and briar marks. These marks do not make a weaker saddle; they simply make a more rustic-looking leather. The cow got a few scratches_ and you get a deal.~@~@This reiner is built on Crates' Equi-Fit reiner tree with quarter horse bars. It has a padded seat on a narrow center pocket for improved balance and comfort. The seat is made of soft grain-out leather. The chestnut leather is finished with basket stamping. ~@~@~@~@~@Tree:Crates exclusive Equi-Fit reining tree with quarter horse bars ~@Gullet: 6 5/8inch high_ 8inch wide ~@Cantle: 3 1/2inch ~@Horn: Reiner 2 1/2inch high_ 2 1/2inch cap ~@Skirt: 26inch x 13inch_ Saddlefleece lined ~@Fenders: 17inch x 7 1/2inch x 2 1/2inch leathers_ Belvins buckles ~@Finish: Chestnut ~@Rigging: In-Skirt_ stainless steel ~@Weight: approx 29 pounds
Price: 1265.00

Classic Reiner Saddle by Crates Grain-out Seat Natural cr247-n
Fashioned on the Crates exclusive Equi-fit Trail Tree with quarter horse bars_ this classic reiner by Crates demonstrates quality in every detail. It features a balanced center pocket with a very narrow ground seat for comfort. The seat is made out of soft grain-out leather and padded. The saddle also features close contact butterfly skirts and Montana berry conchos. Weighing only 28 pounds_ this saddle promises to be comfortable on your horse and work as hard as you do.~@~@~@~@Tree: Crates exclusive Equi-Fit reining tree ~@Gullet: 7inch wide ~@Finish: Natural ~@Rigging: In-Skirt_ stainless steel ~@Cantle: 3 1/2inch ~@Weight: approx 28 pounds
Price: 1323.50

Tucker Western Neoprene Saddle Girth tk500
Tucker Saddles Western Girth with stainless steel hardware. Available in many lengths to ensure the perfect fit.
Price: 32.35

Tucker English Neoprene Girth 510
1inch buckles. Neoprene zips off for easy cleaning. Elastic on one end for a snug fit. Stainless steel hardware.
Price: 53.95

Tucker Enduro Rig Neoprene Girth 520
Tucker girth for Endurance Rigging~@~@1 1/4inch stainless steel buckles. The neoprene zips off for easy cleaning. Elastic on one end for a snug fit. Stainless steel hardware. Various sizes for the perfect fit.
Price: 59.95

New Unique Fabtron Printed Leather Noseband Halter n8-11bp
New from Fabtron_ these noseband halters have printed leather nosebands in twelve exciting design and color combinations. Fabtron's nylon construction is very durable and comfortable with an adjustable crown_ nose_ and throat snap. The printed leather noseband is latigo-lined for extra comfort. Try this new product by a tried and true tack company and let your horse speak for himself. ~@~@Each designer noseband will be on a different colored nylon halter as specified in the options field above.
Price: 39.51

Gen II 'High Plains' Trail Saddle by Tucker 262 Tooled *FREE $106.67 GIFT!*
Gen II 'High Plains' Trail Saddle by Tucker 262~@~@New for 2007!~@Let us give you a free matching halter bridle for free.~@~@Tucker has taken its most popular model to the Next Generation of ultimate comfort with the Gen II: High Plains Trail Saddle. New V-Foam padding paired with Tucker's original shock-absorbing Gel-Cush seating makes this saddle even more comfortable than the original. The seat also features MicroCell ventilating top-grain leather to keep you cool. The GII Fit Fusion tree has self-adjusting Poly-Foam bars to make this the most comfortable saddle your horse will ever wear. The new GII skirt design features the Gel-Cush comfort bar pad system and premium 100% virgin wool lining. The adjustable rigging features three options while eliminating bulk under the rider's leg for closer contact. The Fit-Fusion tree is a combination of carbon fiber reinforced wood and a self-adjusting polyfoam bar. Lastly_ this saddle is built with ErgoBalance stirrups_ which decrease joint fatigue and promote balance riding. ~@All this added together makes the most comfortable trail saddle you've ever sat in. ~@~@Specifications: ~@Color: Brown_ black ~@Tooling: Tooled or smooth ~@Tree: Medium_ wide_ extra wide_ or mule ~@Hardware: Brass or chrome ~@Rigging: Adjustable position close contact inskirt front rigging with western_ Enduro-balanced single_ or double tie rear ~@Swell Width: 14 1/2inch ~@Cantle Height: 5inch ~@Horn Size: 3inch Neck ~@Skirt Size: 24inch ~@Weight: Approximately 25 lbs.
Price: 1850.00

Flex-Lite Trail Endurance 'Expedition' Saddle by Circle Y 1575
Circle Y continues to improve its Flex-Lite tree technology. The 'Expedition' Trail Saddle has been equipped with their new Flex2 tree design. This tree has been coated with DURAhide to ensure that it stays strong and reistant to the elements. It also contains Circle Y's new high density and low density bars_ making sure that the saddle conforms to your horse perfectly_ even while in motion. The Flex2 skirts have a shock-absorbing neoprene filler to keep you comfortable after hours in the saddle. Circle Y�s new Tunnel skirt design creates the smoothest surface possible for your horse�s back_ decreasing the opportunity for rubbing and sore spots and eliminating pressure along the spine. Best of all_ the Circle Y Softee seat jockey and fender leather provides a inchready to rideinch feel_ eliminating the painful breaking-in process of your new saddle. ~@This saddle also features dropped front rigging with an angled rear dee to enable multiple rigging options. It contains sterling silver plated slotted conchos and lazy wave tooling. ~@~@Specifications: ~@Color:-1 Walnut_ -18 Black ~@Tooling: Lazy Wave ~@Tree: Flex2 Endurance Regular and Wide ~@Hardware: SSP slotted ~@Leather: Herman Oak Leather ~@Rigging: Dropped inskirt C rigging ~@Swell Width: 12inch ~@Cantle Height: 4inch ~@Skirt Size: 10inch x 23 1/2inch ~@Weight: Approximately 24 lbs.
Price: 1499.00

Stock Poley Australian Saddle
An exciteing inchWestern styleinch saddle for those riders who spend long hours riding and need the comfort and closeness to the horse the inchStock Poleyinch saddle offers. The guaranteed tree is built in Asia especially for our American horses and riders insuring proper fit. Reinforced kneepads_ 4inch deep seat. Brass hardware and supple smooth leather throughtout. Approximately 20 lbs. Complete fittings.~@~@Size conversions: Medium 17inch - Comparable to 14inch Western Saddle Large 18inch - Comparable to 15inch Western Saddle XLarge 19inch - Comparable to 16inch Western Saddle
Price: 395.00

Stockman Bush Rider Black Australian Saddle
This comfort ride stock saddle is designed for rugged use under extreme conditions. Perfect for trail or competitive endurance riders. The deep seat keeps the rider secure and forward in the seat. Handsome mahogany finished leather and durable brass hardware give an added touch of elegance. Complete with 4inch fenders_ 4 bar irons_ overgirth_ and undergirth.~@~@Other sizes available please call.
Price: 530.00

Stockman Bush Rider Australian Saddle
This comfort ride stock saddle is designed for rugged use under extreme conditions. Perfect for trail or competitive endurance riders. The deep seat keeps the rider secure and forward in the seat. Handsome mahogany finished leather and durable brass hardware give an added touch of elegance. Complete with 4inch fenders_ 4 bar irons_ overgirth_ and undergirth.~@~@Other sizes available
Price: 530.00

Aussie Flank Strap
Aussie Flank Strap
Price: 44.82

Aussie Queensland Stirrup Leathers
Smartly tapered stirrup leathers made of premium qualtity leaterh to fit most stirrups.
Price: 66.42

Aussie Fender Leathers
Designed for comfort_ these 4inch wide leathers are made especially to fit the Australian stock saddles. Double buckle adjustments_ can also be used on English style saddles. Comes in pairs.
Price: 71.82

Aussie Pocket Pad
Contoured_ heavy duck_ quilted saddle pad with saddle pockets in rear for carrying beverages_ food_ or accessories. Pocket size 8inch x 9 1/4inch with 2 1/2inch gusset
Price: 49.50

Aussie Outrider Fleece Pad
Breathable double thick pad provides an extra soft cushion for the horses back while allowing protection for the saddle. Completeley washable.
Price: 31.95

Aussie Deluxe Outrider Pad
The double thick Royal fleece pad has an extra soft cushion for the horses back while allowing protection for the saddle. Completely washable.
Price: 41.22

 

 

 

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