What, When, Where, How, Who?

Relativity

Introduction, Important Definitions and Related Concepts:

The theory of relativity, or simply relativity, refers specifically to two theories of Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity. However, "relativity" can also refer to Galilean relativity. Albert Einstein (German: IPA: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n] (Audio file) (help·info); English: IPA: /ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn/) (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass-energy equivalence, E = mc². Special relativity (SR) (aka the special theory of relativity (STR)) is the physical theory of measurement in inertial frames of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".^[1] It generalizes Galileo's principle of relativity — that all uniform motion is relative, and that there is no absolute and well-defined state of rest (no privileged reference frames) — from mechanics to all the laws of physics, including both the laws of mechanics and of electrodynamics, whatever they may be. General relativity (GR) or General theory of relativity (GTR) is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915/16.^[1] It unifies special relativity, Newton's law of universal gravitation, and the insight that gravitational acceleration can be described by the curvature of space and time, this latter being produced by the mass-energy and momentum content of the matter in spacetime. The conclusion is that one observer in a house by the shore and another in the ship will not be able to determine that the ship is moving by comparing the results of experiments done inside the house and ship. In order to determine motion these observers must look at each other. Germans (German: Deutsche) are defined as an ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent, speaking the German language as a mother tongue and being born in Germany. Germans are also defined by their national citizenship, which had, in the course of German history, varying relations to the above (German culture), according to the influence of subcultures and society in general (also refer to Imperial Germans, Federal Germans and Demographics of Germany). The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)^[I] is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language.^[1] The IPA is used by linguists, speech pathologists and therapists, foreign language teachers and students, singers, actors, lexicographers, and translators.^[2][3] A file folder (US usage) or folder (British and Australian usage) is a kind of folder that holds loose papers together for organization and protection. File folders usually consist of a sheet of heavy paper stock or other thin, but stiff, material which is folded in half, and are used to keep paper documents. English is a West Germanic language originating in England, and is the first language for most people in the Anglophone Caribbean, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States (sometimes referred to as the Anglosphere). It is used extensively as a second language and as an official language throughout the world, especially in Commonwealth countries and in many international organisations. March is the third month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven months with a length of 31 days. March begins (according to non-sidereal astrology) with the sun in the sign of Pisces and ends in the sign of Aries. Fourteen is a composite number, its proper divisors being 1, 2, 7 and 14. 14 is the 3rd discrete biprime ( 2 . 7 ) and the 3rd member of the (2.q) discrete biprime family. Year 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, and one of four months with the maximum length of 30 days. April was originally the second month of the Roman calendar, before January and February were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. Eighteen is a composite number, its proper divisors being 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9. Three of these divisors (3, 6 and 9) add up to 18, hence 18 is a semiperfect number. Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). Theoretical physics employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics in an attempt to explain experimental data taken of the natural world. Its central core is mathematical physics ¹, though other conceptual techniques are also used. A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles which all ordinary matter is made (particle physics) to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole (cosmology). The word theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. In science, a theory is a mathematical or logical explanation, or a testable model of the manner of interaction of a set of natural phenomena, capable of predicting future occurrences or observations of the same kind, and capable of being tested through experiment or otherwise falsified through empirical observation. In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the concept that any mass has an associated energy and vice versa. In special relativity this relationship is expressed using the mass–energy equivalence formula

where

• E = energy, m = mass, c = the speed of light in a vacuum (celeritas). Physics is the science of matter^[1] and its motion,^[2][3] as well as space and time^[4][5] — the science that deals with concepts such as force, energy, mass, and charge. Physics is an experimental science;^[6] it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the world around us behaves.[7] Inertia is the resistance an object has to a change in its state of motion. The principle of inertia is one of the fundamental principles of classical physics which are used to describe the motion of matter and how it is affected by applied forces.

  A frame of reference is a particular perspective from which the universe is observed. In psychology, it refers to "a set of standards, beliefs, or assumptions governing perceptual or logical evaluation or social behaviour."^[1] Year 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is a relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. QED was developed by a number of physicists, beginning in the late 1920s.

  Enjoying a privilege or having privileges: a privileged childhood; privileged society. Confined to an exclusive or chosen group of individuals: privileged information. Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564^[2] – 8 January 1642)^[1][3] was a Tuscan (Italian) physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution. His achievements include the first systematic studies of uniformly accelerated motion^{[citation needed]}, improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. In general, a reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object. Such relations may occur in a variety of domains, including linguistics, logic, computer science, art, and scholarship. Principle means A comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption (1): a rule or code of conduct (2): habitual devotion to right principles <a man of principle> the laws or facts of nature underlying the working of an artificial device a primary source : origin.

  A uniform is a set of standard clothing worn by members of an organization while participating in that organization's activity. People performing religious activities have often worn standard costumes since the dawn of recorded history. In physics, motion means a continuous change in the location of a body. All motion is the result of an applied force. Mechanics (Greek Μηχανική) is the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their environment. The discipline has its roots in several ancient civilizations: ancient Greece, where Aristotle studied the way bodies behaved when they were thrown through the air (e.g. a stone); ancient China, with figures such as Zhang Heng, Shen Kuo, and Su Song; and ancient India, with thinkers such as Kanada, Aryabhata, and Brahmagupta. Law^[1] is a system of rules usually enforced through a set of institutions.^[2] It affects politics, economics and society in numerous ways. Geometry (Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth, metria = measure) is a part of mathematics concerned with questions of size, shape, and relative position of figures and with properties of space. Geometry is one of the oldest sciences. Gravitation is a natural phenomenon by which all objects with mass attract each other, and is one of the fundamental forces of physics. In everyday life, gravitation is most commonly thought of as the agency that gives objects weight. Sir Isaac Newton FRS (pronounced /ˈnjuːtən/) (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727]^[1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, theologian, natural philosopher, and alchemist. His treatise Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica published in 1687, and said to be the greatest single work in the history of science, described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries and is the basis for modern engineering. In physics, acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity, or as the second derivative of position (with respect to time). It is then a vector quantity with dimension length/time². In mathematics, curvature refers to any of a number of loosely related concepts in different areas of geometry. Intuitively, curvature is the amount by which a geometric object deviates from being flat, but this is defined in different ways depending on the context. Science considers space to be a fundamental quantity (a quantity which can not be defined via other quantities because other quantities — like force and energy — are already defined via space). Thus an operational definition is used in which the procedure of measurement of space intervals (distances) and the units of measurement are defined.In classical mechanics, momentum (pl. momenta; SI unit kg m/s, or, equivalently, N·s) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object (P=mv). For more accurate measures of momentum, see the section "modern definitions of momentum" . In physics, spacetime is any mathematical model that combines space and time into a single construct called the space-time continuum. Spacetime is usually interpreted with space being three-dimensional and time playing the role of the fourth dimension. An ethnic group or ethnicity is a group of human beings whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry.^[1] Ethnic identity is also marked by the recognition from others of a group's distinctiveness^[2] and by common cultural, linguistic, religious, behavioral or biological traits.^[1][3] Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate,") generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance. Different definitions of "culture" reflect different theoretical bases for understanding, or criteria for evaluating, human activity. Descent Means

  Hereditary derivation; lineage: a person of African descent. One generation of a specific lineage. The fact or process of coming down or being derived from a source: a paper tracing the descent of the novel from old picaresque tales. Development in form or structure during transmission from an original source. A language is a system of visual, auditory, or situational constraints. Language can use against itself the methods of an exclusively human mode of communication; although other animals make use of quite sophisticated communicative systems, none of these are known to make use of all of the properties that linguists use to define language. A mother is a biological and/or social female parent of an offspring. In the case of a mammal such as a human, the biological mother gestates a fertilized ovum, which is called first an embryo, and then a fetus. Tongue means

  A spoken language or dialect. Speech; talk: If there is goodness in your heart, it will come to your tongue. The act or power of speaking: She had no tongue to answer.

  1. tongues Speech or vocal sounds produced in a state of religious ecstasy. Style or quality of utterance: her sharp tongue. Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. It is largely coterminous with nationality,^{[citation needed]} although it is possible to have a nationality without being a citizen (i.e., be legally subject to a state and entitled to its protection without having rights of political participation in it); it is also possible to have political rights without being a national of a state.