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Technology
Technology is a broad concept that deals with an animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects an animal species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. Technology is a term with origins in the Greek "technologia", "τεχνολογία" — "techne", "τέχνη" ("craft") and "logia", "λογία" ("saying").[1] However, a strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include "construction technology", "medical technology", or "state-of-the-art technology". The human race's use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms. Philosophical debates have arisen over the present and future use of technology in society, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, claiming that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno-progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition. Indeed, until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to human beings, but recent scientific studies indicate that other primates and certain dolphin communities have developed simple tools and learned to pass their knowledge to other generations. Contents [hide] 1 Definition and usage 2 Science, engineering and technology 3 Role in human history 3.1 Paleolithic (2.5 million – 10,000 BC) 3.1.1 Stone tools 3.1.2 Fire 3.1.3 Clothing and shelter 3.2 Neolithic through Classical Antiquity (10,000BC – 300AD) 3.2.1 Metal tools 3.2.2 Energy and Transport 3.3 Modern history (0CE —) 4 Technology and philosophy 4.1 Technicism 4.2 Optimism 4.3 Pessimism 4.4 Appropriate technology 5 Other animal species 6 See also 6.1 Theories and concepts in technology 6.2 Economics of technology 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links 10 Further reading Definition and usage The invention of the printing press made it possible for scientists and politicians to communicate their ideas with ease, leading to the Age of Enlightenment; an example of technology as a cultural force.In general technology is the relationship that society has with its tools and crafts, and to what extent society can control its environment. The Merriam-Webster dictionary offers a definition of the term: "the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area" and "a capability given by the practical application of knowledge".[1] Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 "Real World of Technology" lecture, gave another definition of the concept; it is "practice, the way we do things around here".[2]

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are often used, such as based on similarity of DNA or morphology. Presence of specific locally adapted traits may further subdivide species into subspecies.

The commonly used names for plant and animal taxa sometimes correspond to species: for example, "lion," "walrus," and "Camphor tree" – each refers to a species. In other cases common names do not: for example, "deer" refers to a family of 34 species, including Eld's Deer, Red Deer and Elk (Wapiti). The last two species were once considered a single species, illustrating how species boundaries may change with increased scientific knowledge.

Each species is placed within a single genus. This is a hypothesis that the species is more closely related to other species within its genus than to species of other genera. All species are given a binomial name consisting of the generic name and specific name (or specific epithet). For example, Pinus palustris (commonly known as the Longleaf Pine). The taxonomic ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

A usable definition of the word "species" and reliable methods of identifying particular species are essential for stating and testing biological theories and for measuring biodiversity. Traditionally, multiple examples of a proposed species must be studied for unifying characters before it can be regarded as a species. Extinct species known only from fossils are generally difficult to give precise taxonomic rankings to.

Because of the difficulties with both defining and tallying the total numbers of different species in the world, it is estimated that there are anywhere between 2 and 100 million different species.[1]

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[edit] Binomial convention for naming species

In scientific classification, a species is assigned a two-part name, treated as Latin, although roots from any language can be used as well as names of locales or individuals. The genus is listed first (with its leading letter capitalized), followed by a second term: for example, gray wolves belong to the species Canis lupus, coyotes to Canis latrans, golden jackals to Canis aureus, etc., and all of those belong to the genus Canis (which also contains many other species). The name of the species is the whole binomial, not just the second term (which may be called specific name for animals).

Biological classification or scientific classification in biology, is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis. Modern biological classification has its root in the work of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings since have been revised to improve consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent. Molecular systematics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions and is likely to continue to do so. Biological classification belongs to the science of biological systematics.

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[edit] Early systems

[edit] Ancient through medieval times

Current systems of classifying forms of life descend from the thought presented by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who published in his metaphysical and logical works the first known classification of everything whatsoever, or "being". This is the scheme that gave moderns such words as substance, species and genus and was retained in modified and less general form by Linnaeus.

Aristotle also studied animals and classified them according to method of reproduction, as did Linnaeus later with plants. Aristotle's animal classification was soon made obsolete by additional knowledge and was forgotten.

The philosophical classification is in brief as follows.[1] Primary substance is the individual being; for example, Peter, Paul, etc. Secondary substance is a predicate that can properly or characteristically be said of a class of primary substances; for example, man of Peter, Paul, etc. The characteristic must not be merely in the individual; for example, being skilled in grammar. Grammatical skill leaves most of Peter out and therefore is not characteristic of him. Similarly man (all of mankind) is not in Peter; rather, he is in man.

Species is the secondary substance that is most proper to its individuals. The most characteristic thing that can be said of Peter is that Peter is a man. An identity is being postulated: "man" is equal to all its individuals and only those individuals. Members of a species differ only in number but are totally the same type.

A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. Typically biologists study organisms and their relationship to their environment. Biologists involved in basic research attempt to discover underlying mechanisms that govern how organisms work. Biologists involved in applied research attempt to develop or improve medical, industrial or agricultural processes.

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[edit] Training

There are many types of biologists. Some deal with the macroscopic world, and others with the microscopic. There is much overlap between different fields, and it is often hard to classify a biologist as only one of them. Many jobs in biology as a field require an academic degree. A Ph.D. (or equivalent) is generally required to direct independent research, and involves a specialization in a specific area of biology (U.S. Department of Labor). Many biological scientists work in research and development. Some conduct basic research to advance our knowledge of living organisms, including bacteria and other infectious agents. Basic biological research enhances our understanding so that we can develop solutions to human health problems and improve the natural environment. These biological scientists mostly work in government, university, or private industry laboratories, often exploring new areas of research. Many expand on specialized research they started in graduate school.

[edit] Funding

Many research scientists must submit grant proposals to obtain funding for their projects. Colleges and universities, private industry, and Federal Government agencies such as the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation contribute to the support of scientists whose research proposals are determined to be financially feasible and to have the potential to advance new ideas or processes.

[edit] Research

Biological scientists who work in applied research or product development use knowledge gained by basic research to develop new drugs, treatments, and medical diagnostic tests; increase crop yields; and develop new biofuels. They usually have less freedom than basic researchers do to choose the emphasis of their research, and they spend more time working on marketable treatments to meet the business goals of their employers. Biological scientists doing applied research and product development in private industry may be required to describe their research plans or results to nonscientists who are in a position to veto or approve their ideas.

 

 
16inch Crates Classic Economy Reiner FQHB Wide 261
If you're looking for a quality_ durable reining saddle_ but want to pay below average price for one_ look no further. Crates offers economy saddles that will save you money without sacrificing quality. Because they're built just like their classic reining saddles_ they carry the same level of craftsmanship and durability. The only difference is that the economy reiners are made with inchTannery Runinch saddle skirting leather_ which may contain natural range and briar marks. These marks do not make a weaker saddle; they simply make a more rustic-looking leather. The cow got a few scratches_ and you get a deal.~@~@This reiner is built on Crates' Equi-Fit reiner tree with quarter horse bars. It has a padded seat on a narrow center pocket for improved balance and comfort. The seat is made of soft grain-out leather. The chestnut leather is finished with basket stamping. ~@~@~@~@~@Tree:Crates exclusive Equi-Fit reining tree with quarter horse bars ~@Gullet: 6 5/8inch high_ 8inch wide ~@Cantle: 3 1/2inch ~@Horn: Reiner 2 1/2inch high_ 2 1/2inch cap ~@Skirt: 26inch x 13inch_ Saddlefleece lined ~@Fenders: 17inch x 7 1/2inch x 2 1/2inch leathers_ Belvins buckles ~@Finish: Chestnut ~@Rigging: In-Skirt_ stainless steel ~@Weight: Approx 29 pounds
Price: 1271.50

16inch Dakota Trail Flex Bar Saddle 213 Reg Tree
213 Dakota Trail Flex Saddle~@~@Brand new from Dakota_ this beautiful saddle is built on a flex tree with regular bars. By popular request_ this trail model is paired with barrel style skirts_ making it ideal for all horses_ including those with shorter backs. The seat is black perforated grainout and the leather is their new pro brown with petal border tooling.~@~@Tree: Trail Flex Regular ~@Seat Size: 16inch (Please call for 15inch or 17inch seat) ~@Skirts: Barrel style ~@Rigging: Single in-skirt rigging in front_ overlay rigging in rear ~@Tooling: Petal border
Price: 817.50

15inch 16inch 17inch Dakota Draft Horse Trail Saddle 214
214 Dakota Draft Trail Saddle~@~@Here at the HorseSaddleShop we're big fans of Dakota Saddelry. Their custom saddles are just as high quality as some more expensive brand names_ but usually much more affordable. We're glad to expand our selection of draft saddles with this model from Dakota. It's built on their draft trail saddle tree and features a new style of double in-skirt rigging_ 1 1/4inch cantle roll_ and a dark golden brown with distressed grainout leather seat. The backstrap is 6inch longer for your draft horse. It also features off-billets_ breastcollar dees_ screws & washers with strings on the dee clips in front and back for all your trail gear. Soft fenders for easy stirrup turning.~@~@Tree: Draft Trail ~@Seat Size: 16inch (Please call for 15inch or 17inch seat) ~@Rigging: Double in skirt ~@Cantle: 1 1/2inch roll ~@Tooling: Shell Border
Price: 825.00

19inch Extra Large Seat 'The Big 'Un' Fabtron Saddle Wide FQHB Tree 7136
If you're looking for a premium all-around saddle with an extra large seat_ look no further. Fabtron's excellent craftsmanship won't let you down. From the extra-padded roughout seat to the EZ Grip pleasure horn_ you'll love the extra attention to details. Built on the extra durable Steele Equi Fit Wood/Fiberglass Tree with 13inch Barrel Front and Full-Quarter Horse Bars. Best of all_ it's made with pride in the USA. ~@~@~@Tree: Steele Equi Fit Wood with Fiberglass tree with 13inch Barrel front and FQHB ~@Horn: Pleasure Horn_ 3�inch high with a 1�inch cap ~@Seat: Rough out_ extra padded ~@Cantle: 4inch with 1 1/2inch Cheyenne roll ~@Gullet: 6 3/4inch Width ~@Rigging: 7/8 Position Stainless Steel Dees_ Breast Collar Dees ~@Weight: Approximately 22lbs ~@Includes: Cinch_ Off Billet and Tie Strap at no extra charge - Free Shipping!
Price: 568.50

16inch 17inch Fabtron Easy Rider All Around Trail Saddle 7172-7174
Especially designed for today's horse and rider_ Fabtron's Easy Rider All Around Trail saddle provides a refreshingly balanced ride with its solid brass dropped C rigging on a new_ specially designed all-around saddle tree. Fabtron gives you a traditional leather look at half the price with its extra durable top quality leather and cordura combination. The solid brass bleed-thru conchos and rigging dees highlight the clamshell tooling on a unique_ two-piece jockey and close-fit trimmed skirt. Premium 'closed cell' 1/2inch thick seat padding completes the Easy Ride saddle. ~@~@The Ralide saddle tree with full quarter horse bars fits most horses. The specially-designed_ 7inch higher and wider gullet saddle tree has a little extra front-to-back twist on the bars and a little flare on the ends to allow easier movement. ~@~@A six piece saddle string set completes the look. Off billet_ tie strap_ and cinch included so you can hit the trails immediately. Take your ride to a whole new level of quality_ design_ fit_ and riding comfort.~@~@Tree: Ralide with FQHB ~@Seat Size: 16inch 17inch ~@Materials: Leather top with Cordura Fenders and Skirt ~@Cantle: 3 1/2inch with 1 1/2inch Cheyenne roll ~@Rigging: Dropped C-plate front rigging ~@Skirts: Close Contact ~@Stirrups: Quick-change_ stainless steel buckles ~@Weight: Approx 22 lbs ~@Special: 6 piece saddle string set_ off-billet_ tie strap_ and cinch included ~@Warranty: Full 5 year protection against saddle breakage
Price: 649.00

12inch Black Shelby Rose Pony Saddle ts002
12inch Shelby Rose Pony Saddle~@~@Tree: 12inch Little Wonder Tree ~@Seat: Suede seat ~@Fender: leather and leather skirts with buckstitch ~@Swell: 9inch~@Purchase the inchReady to Rideinch package that includes a 22inch girth_ pony saddle blanket and pony bridle with bit. The option to purchase this is below.
Price: 159.00

16inch Tex Tan Show Classic Ultra Lite Saddle 08-1579-21u6
Turn a few heads next time you walk into the ring.~@~@We're proud to introduce new model of Tex Tan AQHA saddles featuring cutting-edge craftsmanship and design. This saddle's special features include a center pocket seat_ close contact skin_ soft fenders and jockeys and three hand engraved sterling silver plated corner plates. The stirrups_ skirts_ and cantle are fully tooled in a swirling leaf design. Stirrup leathers are pre-twisted. Feel free to enlarge the picture of this beautiful saddle_ but try not to drool on your keyboard. ~@~@~@Tree: 16inch Equi-Tex ~@Rigging: 7/8 double dee ~@Horn Size: 2inch cap_ 2inch high silver ~@Cantle: 4inch ~@Bar: Quarter Horse ~@Swell: 13inch ~@Color: Ultra Lite ~@Silver: Hand Engraved Sterling Silver-plated ~@Weight: Approx 39 lbs
Price: 2662.50

16inch Tex Tan Temptation Show Saddle 08-1579-23u6
Turn a few heads next time you walk into the ring.~@~@We're proud to introduce new model of Tex Tan AQHA saddles featuring cutting-edge craftsmanship and design. Temptation's special features include a center pocket seat_ close contact skirt_ soft fenders and jockeys and three hand engraved sterling silver plated corner plates with black accents. The stirrups_ skirts_ and cantle are fully tooled in a swirling leaf design. Suede seat. Stirrup leathers are pre-twisted. Feel free to enlarge the picture of this beautiful saddle_ but try not to drool on your keyboard. ~@~@~@Tree: 16inch Equi-Tex ~@Rigging: 7/8 double dee ~@Horn Size: 2inch cap_ 2inch high silver ~@Cantle: 4inch ~@Rigging: 7/8 ~@Stirrups: 3inch bell_ hand tooled ~@Swell: 13inch ~@Color: Ultra Lite ~@Silver: Hand Engraved Sterling Silver-plated ~@Weight: Approx 39 lbs
Price: 2662.50

14inch 14.5inch 15inch Circle Y Josey Ultimate Iron Cross Barrel Saddle 1165
WPRA_ AQHA and NBHA World Champion Martha Josey knows what it takes to build a good barrel racer for the ring. She began her career by winning 52 barrel races in a row and now is unmatched in barrel horse championship wins. That's why Circle Y and the Horse Saddle Shop are proud to bring you a saddle with her seal of approval on it. This barrel racing saddle features forward-hung stirrups mounted on the saddle with a swivel hinge. This keeps the rider's weight balanced and feet in the proper forward position. Aluminum stirrups with 3inch rubber grip bottom encourage the correct foot placement. This saddle's special features include scalloped seat jockeys_ rawhide braided horn_ and silver laced cantle. ~@~@~@Color: -7 Ultra Lite ~@Tooling: Floral ~@Tree: Ultimate Durahide regular and wide ~@Silver: Brown iron ~@Leather: Herman Oak Leather ~@Rigging: 3-Way inskirt ~@Swell Width: 13inch ~@Cantle Height: 4inch ~@Horn Size: 4inch Neck 1 1/2inch Cap ~@Skirt Size: 12inch x 25inch ~@Weight: Approximately 26 lbs.
Price: 1899.00

17inch Circle Y English Style Mississippi Trail Gaiter Saddle Reg Bar 1585 CLEARANCE
Flex Tree Mississippi Trail Gaiter by Circle Y~@New for 2007! ~@Let us give you a coordinating saddle pad for free.*~@We're proud to be consistently adding to our gaited saddle selection. New from Circle Y_ the Alabama and Mississippi Gaiter Saddles are designed specifically for your gaited horse. They're proven to fit a wide range of gaited horses. These saddles are fashioned to give you horse the freedom of movement and comfort that he needs with his unique gait. Several features provide this: the Flex2 tree_ the shorter_ rounded NeoShock skirts for no gait interference_ and multiple rigging options for freer shoulder movement. The saddle also features Circle Y's impact foam seat_ which absorbs shock and eliminates transference between horse and rider. The Softee leather drastically shortens the inchbreak ininch period for your saddle_ providing a inchready-to-rideinch feel right off the bat. Lastly_ the Ergo-Balance stirrups are designed to place the rider's feet and legs for decreased knee and ankle fatigue and to promote balanced riding. Your gaited horse will prance like never before.~@~@Specifications: ~@Color: -1 Walnut_ -4 Regular Oil ~@Tree: Suede or Grainout (call toll free 1-866-880-2121) ~@Tooling: Spider border ~@Tree: Trail Gaiter Flex2 ~@Silver: Silver on silver wire edge with balls ~@Leather: Herman Oak Leather ~@Rigging: 3/4 Dropped C ~@Swell Width: 12inch ~@Cantle Height: 4inch ~@Skirt Size: 10inch x 25inch ~@Weight: Approximately 22 lbs.
Price: 1575.00

16inch 17inch Charleston Select Show Saddle Flex2 Tree by Circle Y y2953
Circle Y gives you a unique look that you can be proud of in the ring. Charleston' special features include a close contact skirt shape_ giving you a connected_ fluid feeling with your horse. Charleston also has three sets of sterling silver plated tooled corner plates. The sterling silver has a protective finish for easy cleaning. The leather has been tooled in a swirling acorn leaf and basketweave combination (click to view a larger image) and has tooled sterling silver plated conchos with a berry edge. Beautiful. Make them stand up to applaud! ~@~@Flex 2 Special Features:~@Conforming Precision Flex2 Tree ~@Shock absorbing Neo-Shock Skirt ~@Pressure reducing Flex2 Tunnel Skirt ~@inchReady to Rideinch Softee seat jockeys and fenders ~@Built for superior fit_ comfort_ and minimal weight for both horse and rider~@ ~@~@~@Specifications:~@Seat Size: 16inch 17inch ~@Color: -2 Ultra White_ -7 Ultra Lite ~@Tooling: Swirling leaf/Basketweave ~@Tree: Flex2 Show Regular and Wide ~@Silver: Silver on silver with berry edge ~@Leather: Herman Oak Leather ~@Rigging: 7/8 J-Rig ~@Swell Width: 13inch ~@Cantle Height: 3inch ~@Horn Size: Pelican ~@Skirt Size: 15 1/2inch x 28 1/2inch ~@Weight: Approximately 35 lbs.
Price: 2650.00

Home D�cor
Home D�cor
Price: .00

Deluxe Pony Bridle including Headstall_ Reins_ Bit_ & Curb
This complete pony bridle includes a matching headstall_ reins_ bit_ and curb.
Price: 24.93

Flintlock Impact Gel Saddle Pad 34inch x 32inch 1427
Your saddle pad should do more than just provide a spot for your saddle. Your horse depends on it to reduce friction from the saddle and equalize the pressure points from your equipment. If your saddle pad fails in these tasks_ it means an uncomfortable_ irritable horse and a frustrating ride. ~@~@This Impact Gel Pad ensures your horse the most comfortable ride possible. The layers of gel within the pad reduce the energy transferred from the tree of the saddle to the horse's back. The ultra-light_ high-impact reduction system adds high performance to the base layer by reducing inconsistencies in the fit of your equipment. This unique reduction system fills in the space between the saddle and the horse's spine providing unsurpassed shock absorbing ability and equalizing pressure points. The ultimate result is improved comfort for the horse and more control for the rider. The Woven Impact-Gel pad measures 34inch by 32inch and is made with 100% wool fleece backing for additional comfort. Choose from four stylish designs.
Price: 221.00

15.5inch Circle Y Used Black Siver Show Saddle
This beautiful black show saddle by Circle Y is in great shape. It does have some minor scuffs and scratches. It features lots of silver. Complete with matching silver show bridle and reins. ~@~@Specifications: ~@Wood rawhide tree ~@Skirt: 25inch ~@Gullet: 6.5inch ~@Cantle plate is bent with inchDale Richardinch inscribed ~@Rigging: Double Dee rigging - Flat plate in skirt ~@Fleece is good shape ~@California browband headstall with silver ~@2 piece reins with silver ~@Swell: 11inch ~@Weight: 29 lbs
Price: 699.96

16inch Circle Y Rebel Silver Show Used Saddle
This beautiful dark oil Circle Y show saddle fully hand-tooled in a swirling leaf pattern. Sterling silver plated cantle_ and corner plates and silver lacing through cantle and fork.~@~@Specifications: ~@Seat: 16inch ~@Tree: Ralide_ 7inch gullet with normal angle ~@Cantle: 4inch ~@Horn: Post: 2inch Cap: 3inch ~@Rigging: 3 way inskirt ~@Weight: Approx 30 lbs ~@Model Number: 3645-1601
Price: 667.00

16inch Used Circle Y Park and Trail Saddle Reg Bar_ Suede Seat
This park and trail saddle by Circle Y is made of beautiful dark oil and features spot floral tooling. The seat is a padded suede. The saddle has 3-way inskirt rigging and full quarter horse bars.~@~@Specifications: ~@Tree: Ralide_ 7inch gullet FQHB (wide angle) ~@Seat: 16inch Padded suede seat ~@Tooling: Spot Floral ~@Skirt: 26inch ~@Color: -1 Walnut ~@Swell Width: 12.5 in. ~@Cantle Height: 3 in. ~@Horn Size: Neck 3.25 in. Cap 2.25 in ~@Rigging: 3-way inskirt ~@Weight: Approx 28 lbs
Price: 687.50

15.5inch Used Circle Y Trail Saddle Equitation Seat Reg Bars
This Circle Y saddle is a popular model made of SOFTEE leather_ making it soft and broken-in. This saddle is in wonderful condition and made of quality materials. It features an equitation seat_ 3 way inskirt rigging_ and engraved plain edge silver.~@~@Specifications: ~@Tree: 6.5inch Regular bars (narrow angle)_ wood covered with Hi-Tech fiberglass ~@Seat: 15.5inch Equitation seat ~@Silver: Engraved Plain Edge ~@Riggings: 3-Way In-Skirt ~@Swell Width: 12 1/2inch ~@Cantle Height: 4inch ~@Horn Size: 2 1/2inch Neck_ 2inch Cap ~@Skirt Size: 26inchL X 12inchD ~@Weight: 32lbs
Price: 632.00

 

 

 

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