ExcitingAds!
ExcitingAds! Search

Directory A-B C-E F-H I-K L-N O-Q R-T U-W X-Z

 

Site Map
Technology
Technology is a broad concept that deals with an animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects an animal species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. Technology is a term with origins in the Greek "technologia", "τεχνολογία" — "techne", "τέχνη" ("craft") and "logia", "λογία" ("saying").[1] However, a strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include "construction technology", "medical technology", or "state-of-the-art technology". The human race's use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms. Philosophical debates have arisen over the present and future use of technology in society, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, claiming that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno-progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition. Indeed, until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to human beings, but recent scientific studies indicate that other primates and certain dolphin communities have developed simple tools and learned to pass their knowledge to other generations. Contents [hide] 1 Definition and usage 2 Science, engineering and technology 3 Role in human history 3.1 Paleolithic (2.5 million – 10,000 BC) 3.1.1 Stone tools 3.1.2 Fire 3.1.3 Clothing and shelter 3.2 Neolithic through Classical Antiquity (10,000BC – 300AD) 3.2.1 Metal tools 3.2.2 Energy and Transport 3.3 Modern history (0CE —) 4 Technology and philosophy 4.1 Technicism 4.2 Optimism 4.3 Pessimism 4.4 Appropriate technology 5 Other animal species 6 See also 6.1 Theories and concepts in technology 6.2 Economics of technology 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links 10 Further reading Definition and usage The invention of the printing press made it possible for scientists and politicians to communicate their ideas with ease, leading to the Age of Enlightenment; an example of technology as a cultural force.In general technology is the relationship that society has with its tools and crafts, and to what extent society can control its environment. The Merriam-Webster dictionary offers a definition of the term: "the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area" and "a capability given by the practical application of knowledge".[1] Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 "Real World of Technology" lecture, gave another definition of the concept; it is "practice, the way we do things around here".[2]

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are often used, such as based on similarity of DNA or morphology. Presence of specific locally adapted traits may further subdivide species into subspecies.

The commonly used names for plant and animal taxa sometimes correspond to species: for example, "lion," "walrus," and "Camphor tree" – each refers to a species. In other cases common names do not: for example, "deer" refers to a family of 34 species, including Eld's Deer, Red Deer and Elk (Wapiti). The last two species were once considered a single species, illustrating how species boundaries may change with increased scientific knowledge.

Each species is placed within a single genus. This is a hypothesis that the species is more closely related to other species within its genus than to species of other genera. All species are given a binomial name consisting of the generic name and specific name (or specific epithet). For example, Pinus palustris (commonly known as the Longleaf Pine). The taxonomic ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

A usable definition of the word "species" and reliable methods of identifying particular species are essential for stating and testing biological theories and for measuring biodiversity. Traditionally, multiple examples of a proposed species must be studied for unifying characters before it can be regarded as a species. Extinct species known only from fossils are generally difficult to give precise taxonomic rankings to.

Because of the difficulties with both defining and tallying the total numbers of different species in the world, it is estimated that there are anywhere between 2 and 100 million different species.[1]

Contents

[hide]

[edit] Binomial convention for naming species

In scientific classification, a species is assigned a two-part name, treated as Latin, although roots from any language can be used as well as names of locales or individuals. The genus is listed first (with its leading letter capitalized), followed by a second term: for example, gray wolves belong to the species Canis lupus, coyotes to Canis latrans, golden jackals to Canis aureus, etc., and all of those belong to the genus Canis (which also contains many other species). The name of the species is the whole binomial, not just the second term (which may be called specific name for animals).

Biological classification or scientific classification in biology, is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis. Modern biological classification has its root in the work of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings since have been revised to improve consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent. Molecular systematics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions and is likely to continue to do so. Biological classification belongs to the science of biological systematics.

Contents

[hide]

[edit] Early systems

[edit] Ancient through medieval times

Current systems of classifying forms of life descend from the thought presented by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who published in his metaphysical and logical works the first known classification of everything whatsoever, or "being". This is the scheme that gave moderns such words as substance, species and genus and was retained in modified and less general form by Linnaeus.

Aristotle also studied animals and classified them according to method of reproduction, as did Linnaeus later with plants. Aristotle's animal classification was soon made obsolete by additional knowledge and was forgotten.

The philosophical classification is in brief as follows.[1] Primary substance is the individual being; for example, Peter, Paul, etc. Secondary substance is a predicate that can properly or characteristically be said of a class of primary substances; for example, man of Peter, Paul, etc. The characteristic must not be merely in the individual; for example, being skilled in grammar. Grammatical skill leaves most of Peter out and therefore is not characteristic of him. Similarly man (all of mankind) is not in Peter; rather, he is in man.

Species is the secondary substance that is most proper to its individuals. The most characteristic thing that can be said of Peter is that Peter is a man. An identity is being postulated: "man" is equal to all its individuals and only those individuals. Members of a species differ only in number but are totally the same type.

A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. Typically biologists study organisms and their relationship to their environment. Biologists involved in basic research attempt to discover underlying mechanisms that govern how organisms work. Biologists involved in applied research attempt to develop or improve medical, industrial or agricultural processes.

Contents

[hide]

[edit] Training

There are many types of biologists. Some deal with the macroscopic world, and others with the microscopic. There is much overlap between different fields, and it is often hard to classify a biologist as only one of them. Many jobs in biology as a field require an academic degree. A Ph.D. (or equivalent) is generally required to direct independent research, and involves a specialization in a specific area of biology (U.S. Department of Labor). Many biological scientists work in research and development. Some conduct basic research to advance our knowledge of living organisms, including bacteria and other infectious agents. Basic biological research enhances our understanding so that we can develop solutions to human health problems and improve the natural environment. These biological scientists mostly work in government, university, or private industry laboratories, often exploring new areas of research. Many expand on specialized research they started in graduate school.

[edit] Funding

Many research scientists must submit grant proposals to obtain funding for their projects. Colleges and universities, private industry, and Federal Government agencies such as the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation contribute to the support of scientists whose research proposals are determined to be financially feasible and to have the potential to advance new ideas or processes.

[edit] Research

Biological scientists who work in applied research or product development use knowledge gained by basic research to develop new drugs, treatments, and medical diagnostic tests; increase crop yields; and develop new biofuels. They usually have less freedom than basic researchers do to choose the emphasis of their research, and they spend more time working on marketable treatments to meet the business goals of their employers. Biological scientists doing applied research and product development in private industry may be required to describe their research plans or results to nonscientists who are in a position to veto or approve their ideas.

 

 
Narrow Bondtex Neoprene Girth
4inch Width ~@Bondtex Girth ~@Nickel Hardware
Price: 22.50

Wide Bondtex Neoprene Girth
5inch Width ~@Bondtex Girth ~@Nickel Hardware
Price: 35.01

Aussie (Air-Flow) PVC Nyloprene Girth
Air-Flow (waffle-weave) durable PVC neoprene back. Strong nylon web top with velcro for easy removal to be washed or replaced. Heavy flat steel hardware. Specify size.
Price: 41.90

Girth Converter for Aussie/English Saddles
Tired of having to constantly adjust your english or australian cinch? With this converter you can attach it to your buckles and then use the western style off billet and tie strap. Package comes complete with the off billet_ tie strap and girth converter.
Price: 69.95

2 Piece Circle Y Reins
Circle Y 2 piece reins~@~@5/8inch x 6 1/2'~@~@Split c/s at Bit end.
Price: 27.00

Aussie Halter/Bridle Reins
Double and stitched heavy leather_ 3/4inch_ halter/bridle reins. Black or brown. Specify color.
Price: 22.50

15inch 16inch 17inch Circle Y Trail saddles Softee flex-tree
An innovative saddle featuring the flexible Circle Y Contour Lite Tree~@~@This unique saddle is manufactured with a composite_ laminated tree_ and lightweight neoprene stuffed skirts both of which adjust to fit any horse's back! The neoprene in the skirts not only aids in a perfect fit_ but also absorbs impact_ making a more comfortable ride for both the horse and the rider.~@~@~@Center pocket-close contact seat ~@Leather grain-out seat ~@Silver plated conchos ~@Latigo leather laced to hold the shapes of the skirts ~@New lite neoprene rubber skirts to conform to the horse's back ~@All stainless steel hardware ~@Nylon tie straps and off straps ~@Softee seat jockeys and fenders ~@Reinforced billet holes ~@Leather laced stirrups ~@Skirt Size: 27 1/4inch L X 13 1/2inch D ~@Lite weight saddle weighing less than 27lbs~@~@~@Extra Wide Bars Available! Call for info.
Price: 1325.00

16inch 17inch 18inch Wichita Circle Y Park and Trail Saddle
Tree: Ralide ~@Silver: None ~@Riggings: C-Rig ~@Swell Width: 12inch ~@Cantle Height: 4inch ~@Horn Size: 3 1/4inch Neck_ 1 7/8inch Cap ~@Skirt Size: 26 1/2inchL X 13inchD ~@Weight: 32lbs
Price: 935.00

16inch Tex Tan Hereford Show Saddle
Tree: 16inch Bullhide covered wood tree ~@Seat: roughout_ padded. ~@Rigging: 7/8 position in-skirt. ~@Cantle: 4inch ~@Bar: Quarter Horse ~@Swell: 12 1/2inch ~@Gullet: 6 1/2inch ~@Skirt Size: 28inchL x 13 1/2inch d ~@Color: Natural Oil ~@Silver: Hand Engraved Silver-plated
Price: 1434.00

15inch Black Fabtron Trail Saddle CLEARANCE
Tree: Ralide 13inch Roper Front_ ~@Seat: Rough out_ extra padded. ~@Gullet: 6 3/4inch Width ~@Rigging: Full Double Rigged_ Solid Brass Rigging Dees and Solid Brass Hardware. Electroplated Montanta Silversmiths Conchos with black inlays ~@Trim: Tooled Leather Front_ Cantle and Jockeys. Nylon cordura fenders and fleece-lined skirt. Fully laced leather stirrups. Leather reinforced nylon stirrup straps with inchQuick Changeinch buckles. ~@Weight: Approximately 22lbs ~@Includes: Cinch_ Flank Cinch_ Off Billet and Tie Strap at no extra charge - Free Shipping!
Price: 564.00

Big Horn Neoprene Breast Collar
Neoprene breast collar with removable webbing and buckles so each part can be cared for separately. The closed-cell neoprene does not absorb moisture or sweat_ and is comfortable and lightweight for your horse.
Price: 55.80

Water Bottle/Cell Phone Combo Pouch
Heavy denier nylon cell phone case with insulated pouch for water bottles. Dee ring and adjustable nylon strap with snap closure. 26 oz. water bottle included.
Price: 14.40

16 1/2inch_ 17 1/2inch Tucker Old West Trail Saddle Reg or wide
One of the newest saddles in the Tucker line is this old time style saddle. The Old West Trail Saddle has the same quality and comfort you expect in a Tucker saddle together with the appealing classic look.~@~@Specifications: ~@Seat: 17.5inch - call for 15.5inch_ 16.5inch and 18.5inch ~@Color: Brown - call for Light Oil or black ~@Cantle Height: 5inch ~@Horn Height: 3inch ~@Swell Width: 14 1/2inch ~@Skirt Length: Approx 24 1/2inch ~@Weight: Approx 30 lbs.~@~@Features: The Old West saddle is unique in the Tucker line with double skirting_ a 2inch stirrup leather over the fender_ rope roll swell front_ slotted silver conchos with black strings_ a two piece seat jockey and a black seat. The tooling pattern is available only on this saddle. The Old West saddle is western dee rigged and has 3inch tread leather lace bell bottom stirrups.
Price: 1650.00

Western Nylon Quilted Saddle Bags with Water Bottles
Use this deluxe saddle bag to store your items while exploring the trails. Complete with two water bottles in easy to reach compartments. Durable nylon with quilted design and made to fit around cantle. 5inchx11inchx12inch with additional velcro side pockets. Water resistant and insulated. 4 Dee rings to attach to saddle.
Price: 56.30

16inch17inch Black Tex Tan Flex Pleasure Saddle
08-tf402 16inch Black Pleasure Saddle with Flex Tree by Tex Tan Hereford ~@Tree:16inch Flex ~@Seat Size: Leather Padded ~@Horn: 2inch Cap x 3inch High ~@Swell: 12 3/4inch tooled ~@Cantle: 4inch leather ~@Rigging: 3 way in skirt ~@Weight: 24lbs
Price: 1076.50

Saddle Horn Bag with Drink Holder
Nylon Pommel Bag with Drink Holder. A great idea for keepping quickly needed items handy. Made of durable water resistant nylon. Large enough to carry plenty of about any necessity. Complete with an easy access drink holder. Pockets measure 6inch x 7inch x 3inch
Price: 34.40

Circle Y Plain Flank Strap
Single Ply - 1 1/2inch Body - 1 3/4inch Billets
Price: 54.00

Short Leather Training Fork
Perfect for training your show horse for the big prize. Adjustable to allow perfect sitting of the horses head. Short length to attach to breast collar.
Price: 14.13

 

 

 

Tech

 

 

 

techhosting.com

 

TradeKing

 

 

 


Privacy Statement Advertise with us All rights reserved ExcitingAds® 1998-2009