Kem Plastic Playing Cards is a 60-year-old company specializing in one product-playing cards which are 100% cellulose acetate plastic. Kem plastic playing cards contain no vinyl which is the raw material used by all other playing card manufacturers for their "plastic" playing cards.
A set-up consists of one red deck and one blue deck. The cards come in a hard black plastic Kem box. One joker is present with each deck. The dimensions of the cards are 2.25" wide x 3.5" tall.(Bridge Size)
KEM cards can handle the wear and tear like no other brand of card in the industry. Kem's high performance cards will last longer shuffle better and deal in such a manner that you will never want to play with anything else again.
This is our newest line of chips!!! They are the highest quality composite casino poker chips made available for home games and casinos alike. A full 10 gram casino weight chip with a high grade texture only found in a true casino these are now being marketed to casinos worldwide.
Made with a high density polymer composite to give it a professional clay feel this is an affordable casino quality chip. Compare it to a Chipco brand chip. In addition to its casino feel an advantage this chip has over its clay counterpart is its ability to accept higher quality graphics using the entire face of the chip. On the edge of the chips there is also a marble-like finish with vertical stripes at six points around the chip's perimeter. Few chips can come close to replicating this classy appearance.
All chips feature a colorful illustration of the Nevada Jack logo and a deceased old west gambler. Appropriately enough he is holding "the dead man's hand" aces and eights the hand reputedly held by "Wild" Bill Hickok at his untimely death. Available in 7 colors and denominations between 25c and $500.
The detail on these chips is flawless and their unique design makes them great for casinos and homestyle play.
Your Chips will be protected in this aluminum case. This chip case will offer you the most protection for your investment and feature the best look. It is produced from the finest aircraft aluminum and reinforced throughout and yet it is lightweight. The interior is black felt with space for 650 chips and 2 decks of cards and features a space for your holdem dealer button.
This is the chip case that will last a lifetime.
We have INCLUDED IN THIS SET 2 DECKS of CARDS used in a REAL casino and a Dealer Button.
The color and quantity of chips shown are the most popular and have been pre-selected for you however you can make changes per your requirements.
This is our newest line of chips!!! They are the highest quality composite casino poker chips made available for home games and casinos alike. A full 10 gram casino weight chip with a high grade texture only found in a true casino these are now being marketed to casinos worldwide.
Made with a high density polymer composite to give it a professional clay feel this is an affordable casino quality chip. Compare it to a Chipco brand chip. In addition to its casino feel an advantage this chip has over its clay counterpart is its ability to accept higher quality graphics using the entire face of the chip. On the edge of the chips there is also a marble-like finish with vertical stripes at six points around the chip's perimeter. Few chips can come close to replicating this classy appearance.
All chips feature a colorful illustration of the Nevada Jack logo and a deceased old west gambler. Appropriately enough he is holding "the dead man's hand" aces and eights the hand reputedly held by "Wild" Bill Hickok at his untimely death. Available in 7 colors and denominations between 25c and $500.
The detail on these chips is flawless and their unique design makes them great for casinos and homestyle play.
Your Chips will be protected in this aluminum case. It will provide the most protection for your investment. It is made of heavy duty yet lightweight aluminum available in brilliant silver. The interior is green velour with space for 300 chips 2 decks of cards and 5 dice. The handles are are securely riveted for long lasting use.
This is the chip case that will last a lifetime.
We have INCLUDED IN THIS SET 2 DECKS of CARDS and 5 DICE It is at our discretion to replace playing cards with a similar product of equal or higher quality at any time
The color and quantity of chips shown are the most popular and have been pre-selected for you however you can make changes per your requirements.
This is our newest line of chips!!! They are the highest quality composite casino poker chips made available for home games and casinos alike. A full 10 gram casino weight chip with a high grade texture only found in a true casino these are now being marketed to casinos worldwide.
Made with a high density polymer composite to give it a professional clay feel this is an affordable casino quality chip. Compare it to a Chipco brand chip. In addition to its casino feel an advantage this chip has over its clay counterpart is its ability to accept higher quality graphics using the entire face of the chip. On the edge of the chips there is also a marble-like finish with vertical stripes at six points around the chip's perimeter. Few chips can come close to replicating this classy appearance.
All chips feature a colorful illustration of the Nevada Jack logo and a deceased old west gambler. Appropriately enough he is holding "the dead man's hand" aces and eights the hand reputedly held by "Wild" Bill Hickok at his untimely death. Available in 7 colors and denominations between 25c and $500.
The detail on these chips is flawless and their unique design makes them great for casinos and homestyle play.
Your Chips will be protected in this aluminum case. It will provide the most protection for your investment. It is made of heavy duty yet lightweight aluminum available in brilliant silver. The interior is green velour with space for 500 chips 2 decks of cards and 5 dice. The handles are are securely riveted for long lasting use.
This is the chip case that will last a lifetime.
We have INCLUDED IN THIS SET 2 DECKS of CARDS and 5 DICE . It is at our discretion to replace playing cards with a similar product of equal or higher quality at any time
The color and quantity of chips shown are the most popular and have been pre-selected for you however you can make changes per your requirements.
This is our newest line of chips!!! They are the highest quality composite casino poker chips made available for home games and casinos alike. A full 10 gram casino weight chip with a high grade texture only found in a true casino these are now being marketed to casinos worldwide.
Made with a high density polymer composite to give it a professional clay feel this is an affordable casino quality chip. Compare it to a Chipco brand chip. In addition to its casino feel an advantage this chip has over its clay counterpart is its ability to accept higher quality graphics using the entire face of the chip. On the edge of the chips there is also a marble-like finish with vertical stripes at six points around the chip's perimeter. Few chips can come close to replicating this classy appearance.
All chips feature a colorful illustration of the Nevada Jack logo and a deceased old west gambler. Appropriately enough he is holding "the dead man's hand" aces and eights the hand reputedly held by "Wild" Bill Hickok at his untimely death. Available in 7 colors and denominations between 25c and $500.
The detail on these chips is flawless and their unique design makes them great for casinos and homestyle play.
What makes this set the best in the country is the rich mahogany case that holds the chips.
This beautiful dark mahogany poker chip case is one of the finest cases we have ever sold. At first glance it may resemble a fine cigar humidor. It is a deep reddish brown mahogany and is very solid. Made of 1/2 inch pieces of solid mahogany wood this case is as solid as could be. The finish on this case is a smooth polished laquered finish. The tray inside is removeable revealing a bottom layer that holds chips and playing cards. The woodwork on the inside and outside is as fine as any piece of furniture in your house.
The hardware on this case is solid brass. There are 2 well built handles that are very strong and artistic in design. The best feature of all on this case is the key lock to keep your poker chips secured. The key itself is artistic and also fits in with the decor. It is an old style key made from solid brass with a tassle hanging from it. This is a collector's item as well as a fully functional chip case for the person who appreciates the finer things in life.
For a finishing touch on this fine piece there is a solid brass name plate that is ready for engraving (engraving not offered). Once you receive this case you will want to get the name plate engraved and then you can easily mount it on the case as it has an adhesive surface on the back.
The top rack in this case comfortably holds 300 chips as the bottom rack holds 200 chips for a total chip capacity of 500 chips. Also on the bottom there is enough space for 3 decks of cards. The case is 12 3/4 inches by 9 3/16 inches and stands 5 inches high when in the closed position.
As a bonus we are including 3 decks of playing cards . It is at our discretion to replace playing cards with a similar product of equal or higher quality at any time
The color and quantity of chips shown are the most popular and have been pre-selected for you however you can make changes per your requirements.
Kem Plastic Playing Cards is a 60-year-old company specializing in one product-playing cards which are 100% cellulose acetate plastic. Kem plastic playing cards contain no vinyl which is the raw material used by all other playing card manufacturers for their "plastic" playing cards.
A set-up consists of one red deck and one blue deck. The cards come in a hard black plastic Kem box. One joker is present with each deck. The dimensions of the cards are 2-1/4 inches wide x 3-1/2 inches tall.(Bridge Size)
KEM cards can handle the wear and tear like no other brand of card in the industry. Kem's high performance cards will last longer shuffle better and deal in such a manner that you will never want to play with anything else again.
Make this set truly yours by customizing each chip with your own personal image or logo!!
This 500 pc chip set includes FREE customized high quality label inlays for each chip with the image of your choice. Our professional grade label inlays adhere to your chips center making it look like they were made especially for you. The durable label inlays are waterproof and will last forever. Information on how to receive your custom labels will be included with purchase.
These 12 gram Vegas Style Chips are 39 mm diameter casino sized chips and are designed with the authentic casino style weight and unique edge-spot design. The words "LAS VEGAS NEVADA USA" are embedded in the outer diameter of the chip. The Series 8000 Chips incorporates a unique patented process giving them the soft feel of a clay surface which makes them the most authentic poker chip available on the home gaming market. Additionally this same process allows for multi-colored edge-spots resembling that of casino clay poker chips. With an inconspicuous metal insert these exclusive new chips were created by the use of the latest technology to produce the real sound and coloration of an actual Casino chip.
This beautiful dark mahogany poker chip case is one of the finest cases we have ever sold. At first glance it may resemble a fine cigar humidor. The finish on this case is a smooth polished lacquered finish. The tray inside is removable revealing a bottom layer that holds chips and playing cards. The woodwork on the inside and outside is as fine as any piece of furniture in your house. The top rack in this case comfortably holds 300 chips as the bottom rack holds 200 chips for a total chip capacity of 500 chips. Also on the bottom there is enough space for 2 decks of cards which are included.
C Copyright 2006 All Rights Reserved
These poker chips are copyright protected and registered with the U.S. Copyright office and are only available through our authorized dealers.
Patent Pending In addition to all copyrights the process for producing these chips is protected under patent law.
ATTN: RETAIL STORES - PLEASE INQUIRE FOR DISCOUNTED CASE PRICING!
These Retail Packaged 100 Chip Sets are a perfect way to meet the needs of any player. With 25 White 50 Red 15 Green and 10 Black chips this assortment is the proper mix of chip colors needed for any table game. As a customer your only choice is how many 100 packs to buy to fit your needs. For the first time a superior chip is being offered at a low retail price point!
- Allow 30 Days for Delivery of Product. 12 Units per Case
The NEXGENT Series 8000 Poker Chips "The next generation of poker chip manufacturing technology."
EDGE SPOT Las Vegas Poker Chips
These 12 gram Vegas Style Chips are 39 mm diameter casino sized chips and are designed with the authentic casino style weight and unique edgespot design. The words "LAS VEGAS NEVADA USA" are embedded in the outer diameter of the chip.
The Series 8000 Chips incorporates a unique patented process giving them the soft feel of a clay surface which makes them the most authentic poker chip available on the home gaming market. Additionally this same process allows for multi-colored edgespots resembling that of casino clay poker chips.
With an inconspicuous metal insert these exclusive new chips were created by the use of the latest technology to produce the real sound and coloration of an actual Casino chip. When our engineers produced these chips we couldn't believe they had an insert - they sound that great! Additionally its recessed center allows for the application of custom-designed 1" labels.
Includes a Clear Plastic Chip Box with top for storage of chips. Each rack holds 100 chips (four rows of twenty-five 39 mm chips).
C Copyright 2007 All Rights Reserved.
These poker chips are copyright protected and registered with the U.S. Copyright office and are only available through us the manufacturer or our authorized dealers. It is unlawful for any of our competitors to sell a copy of this chip's style or characteristics. Therefore this chip will not be widely available in any form except through our warehouse. These valuable chips are rare and will maintain or increase in value throughout the years.
Patent Pending In addition to all copyrights the process for producing these chips is protected under patent law.
Includes display unit and 600 chips broken as follows:
200 red (8 tubes)
200 white (8 tubes)
100 green (4 tubes)
100 black (4 tubes)
These Retail Packaged Chip Sets are a perfect way to meet the needs of any player. Mix and match chip colors to meet the need of any table game. For the first time a superior chip is being offered at a low retail price point!
- Allow 30 Days for Delivery of Product. 24 Tubes per display
The NEXGENT Series 8000 Poker Chips "The next generation of poker chip manufacturing technology."
EDGE SPOT Las Vegas Poker Chips
These 12 gram Vegas Style Chips are 39 mm diameter casino sized chips and are designed with the authentic casino style weight and unique edgespot design. The words "LAS VEGAS NEVADA USA" are embedded in the outer diameter of the chip.
The Series 8000 Chips incorporates a unique patented process giving them the soft feel of a clay surface which makes them the most authentic poker chip available on the home gaming market. Additionally this same process allows for multi-colored edgespots resembling that of casino clay poker chips.
With an inconspicuous metal insert these exclusive new chips were created by the use of the latest technology to produce the real sound and coloration of an actual Casino chip. When our engineers produced these chips we couldn't believe they had an insert - they sound that great! Additionally its recessed center allows for the application of custom-designed 1" labels.
Includes a Clear Plastic Chip Box with top for storage of chips. Each rack holds 100 chips (four rows of twenty-five 39 mm chips).
C Copyright 2007 All Rights Reserved.
These poker chips are copyright protected and registered with the U.S. Copyright office and are only available through us the manufacturer or our authorized dealers. It is unlawful for any of our competitors to sell a copy of this chip's style or characteristics. Therefore this chip will not be widely available in any form except through our warehouse. These valuable chips are rare and will maintain or increase in value throughout the years.
Patent Pending In addition to all copyrights the process for producing these chips is protected under patent law.
ATTN: RETAIL STORES - PLEASE INQUIRE FOR DISCOUNTED CASE PRICING!
These Retail Packaged 100 Chip Sets are a perfect way to meet the needs of any player. With 25 White 50 Red 15 Green and 10 Black chips this assortment is the proper mix of chip colors needed for any table game. As a customer your only choice is how many 100 packs to buy to fit your needs. For the first time a superior chip is being offered at a low retail price point!
- Allow 30 Days for Delivery of Product. 12 Units per Case
The NEXGENT Series 8200 Poker Chips "The next generation of poker chip manufacturing technology."
EDGE SPOT Lucky Bees
These 12 gram Vegas Style Chips are 39 mm diameter casino sized chips and are designed with the authentic casino style weight and unique edge spot design.These chips also feature a unique Asian Inspired design of 8 bees stamped into the outer edge of the chip eight being a number of good luck and bees representing skillfulness.
The Series 8200 Chips incorporates a unique patented process giving them the soft feel of a clay surface which makes them the most authentic poker chip available on the home gaming market. Additionally this same process allows for multi-colored edgespots resembling that of casino clay poker chips.
With an inconspicuous metal insert these exclusive new chips were created by the use of the latest technology to produce the real sound and coloration of an actual Casino chip. When our engineers produced these chips we couldn't believe they had an insert - they sound that great! Additionally its recessed center allows for the application of custom-designed 1" labels.
With these tri-tone colors this exclusive chip line is great for any casino or your home gaming table!
Includes a Clear Plastic Chip Box with top for storage of chips. Each rack holds 100 chips (four rows of twenty-five 39 mm chips).
C Copyright 2007 All Rights Reserved.
These poker chips are copyright protected and registered with the U.S. Copyright office and are only available through us the manufacturer or our authorized dealers. It is unlawful for any of our competitors to sell a copy of this chip's style or characteristics. Therefore this chip will not be widely available in any form except through our warehouse. These valuable chips are rare and will maintain or increase in value throughout the years.
Patent Pending In addition to all copyrights the process for producing these chips is protected under patent law.
Includes display unit and 600 chips broken as follows:
200 red (8 tubes)
200 white (8 tubes)
100 green (4 tubes)
100 black (4 tubes)
These Retail Packaged Chip Sets are a perfect way to meet the needs of any player. Mix and match chip colors to meet the need of any table game. For the first time a superior chip is being offered at a low retail price point!
- Allow 30 Days for Delivery of Product. 24 Tubes per display
The NEXGENT Series 8200 Poker Chips "The next generation of poker chip manufacturing technology."
EDGE SPOT Lucky Bees
These 12 gram Vegas Style Chips are 39 mm diameter casino sized chips and are designed with the authentic casino style weight and unique edge spot design.These chips also feature a unique Asian Inspired design of 8 bees stamped into the outer edge of the chip eight being a number of good luck and bees representing skillfulness.
The Series 8200 Chips incorporates a unique patented process giving them the soft feel of a clay surface which makes them the most authentic poker chip available on the home gaming market. Additionally this same process allows for multi-colored edgespots resembling that of casino clay poker chips.
With an inconspicuous metal insert these exclusive new chips were created by the use of the latest technology to produce the real sound and coloration of an actual Casino chip. When our engineers produced these chips we couldn't believe they had an insert - they sound that great! Additionally its recessed center allows for the application of custom-designed 1" labels.
With these tri-tone colors this exclusive chip line is great for any casino or your home gaming table!
Includes a Clear Plastic Chip Box with top for storage of chips. Each rack holds 100 chips (four rows of twenty-five 39 mm chips).
C Copyright 2007 All Rights Reserved.
These poker chips are copyright protected and registered with the U.S. Copyright office and are only available through us the manufacturer or our authorized dealers. It is unlawful for any of our competitors to sell a copy of this chip's style or characteristics. Therefore this chip will not be widely available in any form except through our warehouse. These valuable chips are rare and will maintain or increase in value throughout the years.
Patent Pending In addition to all copyrights the process for producing these chips is protected under patent law.
One of our best-selling tables! Constructed of solid wood this quality poker table is a table that will last for years. With space for up to 8 players each player section features cup holder ash tray holder and chip organizer. The felt covered table surface is durable and matches the color found inside each ash tray and cup holder. The four screw-in legs can be removed for easy storage or portable for play anywhere!
Height: 30" Diameter: 52"; 48" side to side Wt: 50 lbs.
Kem Plastic Playing Cards is a 60-year-old company specializing in one product-playing cards which are 100% cellulose acetate plastic. Kem plastic playing cards contain no vinyl which is the raw material used by all other playing card manufacturers for their "plastic" playing cards.
KEM cards can handle the wear and tear like no other brand of card in the industry. Kem's high performance cards will last longer shuffle better and deal in such a manner that you will never want to play with anything else again.
Kem Plastic Playing Cards is a 60-year-old company specializing in one product-playing cards which are 100% cellulose acetate plastic. Kem plastic playing cards contain no vinyl which is the raw material used by all other playing card manufacturers for their "plastic" playing cards.
KEM cards can handle the wear and tear like no other brand of card in the industry. Kem's high performance cards will last longer shuffle better and deal in such a manner that you will never want to play with anything else again.
100% plastic these cards will last for years. Poker sized (2.5 x 3.5 inches) with Red and Blue Classic Auto design decks and jumbo-sized index. Includes durable card tray.
These cards can handle the wear and tear of normal games outlasting paper cards up to 500 times. Completely washable you don't need to worry soiled cards. A quick wipe with a damp washcloth then dry and they are ready to go. Each set comes in its own hard plastic case for storage. Whether you play solitaire have a kitchen table game or manage a card room!
100% plastic these cards will last for years. Poker sized (2.5 x 3.5 inches) with Red and Blue Classic Motorcycle design decks and jumbo-sized index. Includes durable card tray.
These cards can handle the wear and tear of normal games outlasting paper cards up to 500 times. Completely washable you don't need to worry soiled cards. A quick wipe with a damp washcloth then dry and they are ready to go. Each set comes in its own hard plastic case for storage. Whether you play solitaire have a kitchen table game or manage a card room!
100% plastic these cards will last for years. Poker sized (2.5 x 3.5 inches) with a Blue Classic Line Flower design decks and jumbo-sized index.
These cards can handle the wear and tear of normal games outlasting paper cards up to 500 times. Completely washable you don't need to worry soiled cards. A quick wipe with a damp washcloth then dry and they are ready to go. Each set comes in its own hard plastic case for storage. Whether you play solitaire have a kitchen table game or manage a card room!
100% plastic these cards will last for years. Poker sized (2.5 x 3.5 inches) with a Red Classic Line Flower design decks and jumbo-sized index.
These cards can handle the wear and tear of normal games outlasting paper cards up to 500 times. Completely washable you don't need to worry soiled cards. A quick wipe with a damp washcloth then dry and they are ready to go. Each set comes in its own hard plastic case for storage. Whether you play solitaire have a kitchen table game or manage a card room!
War is the reciprocal and violent application
of force between hostile political entities aimed at
bringing about a desired political end-state via armed
conflict. In his seminal work,
On War,
Carl Von Clausewitz calls war the "continuation of
political intercourse, carried on with other means."[1]
War is an interaction in which two or more militaries
have a “struggle of wills”.[2]
When qualified as a
civil war, it is a dispute inherent to a given
society, and its nature is in the conflict over modes of
governance rather than
sovereignty. War is not considered to be the same as
mere
occupation,
murder or
genocide because of the reciprocal nature of the
violent struggle, and the
organized nature of the units involved.
War is also a cultural entity, and its practice is
not linked to any single type of political organisation
or society. Rather, as discussed by
John Keegan in his “History Of Warfare”, war is a
universal phenomenon whose form and scope is defined by
the society that wages it.
[3]
The conduct of war extends along a continuum, from the
almost universal
tribal warfare that began well before recorded human
history, to wars between
city states,
nations, or
empires. A group of combatants and their support is
called an
army on land, a
navy at sea, and
air force in the air. Wars may be prosecuted
simultaneously in one or more different
theatres. Within each theatre, there may be one or
more consecutive
military campaigns. A military campaign includes not
only fighting but also intelligence, troop movements,
supplies,
propaganda, and other components. Continuous
conflict is traditionally called a
battle, although this terminology is not always fed
to conflicts involving aircraft, missiles or bombs
alone, in the absence of ground troops or naval forces.
War is not limited to the
human species, as
ants engage in massive intra-species conflicts which
might be termed warfare. It is theorized that other
species also engage in similar behavior, although this
is not well documented.
[4][5][6]
Some believe war has always been with us; others
stress the lack of clear evidence that war is not in our
prehistoric past, and the fact that many peaceful,
non-military societies have and still do exist.
Originally, war likely consisted of small-scale raiding.
Since the rise of the state some 5000 years ago,
military activity has occurred over much of the globe.
The advent of gunpowder and the acceleration of
technological advances led to modern warfare.
Since the close of the
Vietnam War, the ideas expounded by the Prussian
military theorist Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) have
come to thoroughly permeate American military writing,
doctrinal, theoretical, and historical. His book
On War, first published (as
Vom Kriege) in 1832, was adopted as a key
text at the Naval War College in 1976, the Air War
College in 1978, the Army War College in 1981. It has
always been central at the U.S. Army's School for
Advanced Military Studies at Leavenworth (founded in
1983). The U.S. Marine Corps's brilliant little
philosophical field manual
FMFM 1: Warfighting (1989) is essentially a
distillation of On War, and the newer Marine
Corps Doctrinal Publications (MCDPs,
c.1997) are equally reflective of Clausewitz's basic
concepts.*1
This is not the first time Clausewitz has been in
fashion. Indeed, On War has been the bible of
many thoughtful soldiers ever since Field Marshal
Helmuth von Moltke attributed to its guidance his
stunning victories in the wars of German unification
(1864, 1866, 1870-71). Nor is it the first time that
individual American soldiers and military
thinkers have been attracted by his ideas: George
Patton, Albert Wedemeyer, and—especially—Dwight
Eisenhower were intensely interested in what he had to
say.
It is, however, the first time that the American
armed forces as institutions have turned to
Clausewitz. While the philosopher had insisted that war
was "simply the expression of politics by other means,"
the traditional attitude of American soldiers had been
that "politics and strategy are radically and
fundamentally things apart. Strategy begins where
politics end. All that soldiers ask is that once the
policy is settled, strategy and command shall be
regarded as being in a sphere apart from politics."*2
The sudden acceptability of Clausewitz in the wake of
Vietnam is not difficult to account for, for among the
major military theorists only Clausewitz seriously
struggled with the sort of dilemma that American
military leaders faced in the aftermath of their defeat.
Clearly, in what had come to be called in scathing terms
a "political war," the political and military components
of the American war effort had come unstuck. It ran
against the grain of America's military men to criticize
elected civilian leaders, but it was just as difficult
to take the blame upon themselves. Clausewitz's analysis
could not have been more relevant:
The more powerful and inspiring the motives for
war,... the more closely will the military aims and
the political objects of war coincide, and the more
military and less political will war appear to be.
On the other hand, the less intense the motives, the
less will the military element's natural tendency to
violence coincide with political directives. As a
result, war will be driven further from its natural
course, the political object will be more and more
at variance with the aim of ideal war, and the
conflict will seem increasingly political in
character.*3
When people talk, as they often do, about
harmful political influence on the management of
war, they are not really saying what they mean.
Their quarrel should be with the policy itself, not
with its influence.
Vom Kriege (IPA: [fɔm
ˈkʁiːgə]) is a book on
war and
military strategy by
Prussian general
Carl von Clausewitz, written mostly after the
Napoleonic wars, between 1816 and 1830, and
published posthumously by his wife in 1832. It has been
translated into
English several times as On War. On
War is actually an unfinished work; Clausewitz had
set about revising his accumulated manuscripts in 1827,
but did not live to finish the task. His wife eventually
compiled all the work and the final two chapters
Clausewitz never finished.
On War is one of the first books on modern
military strategy. This is mainly due to Clausewitz'
integration of politics and social and economic issues
as some of the most important factors in deciding the
outcomes of a war. It is one of the most important
treatises on strategy ever written, and is prescribed at
various
military academies to this day.
Carl von Clausewitz was a
Prussian officer among those baffled by how the
armies of the
French Revolution and
Napoleon had changed the nature of war through their
ability to motivate the populace and thus unleash war on
a greater scale than had previously been the case in
Europe. Clausewitz was well educated and had a strong
interest in art, science, and education, but he was a
professional soldier who spent a considerable part of
his life fighting against Napoleon. There is no doubt
that the insights he gained from his experiences,
combined with a solid grasp of European history,
provided much of the raw material for the book. On
War represents the compilation of his most cogent
observations.
Note: Clausewitz states that Napoleon's tactics were
not revolutionary at all and that Napoleonic Warfare did
not change anything greatly in military history. The
technology of weaponry for the most part remained
static, and new strategies weren't developed, but rather
Napoleon refurbished old ones, mixing them into one
grand strategy.
The book contains a wealth of historical examples
used to illustrate its various concepts.
Frederick II of Prussia (the Great) figures
prominently for having made very efficient use of the
limited forces at his disposal.
Napoleon also is a central figure.
Among many strands of thought, three stand out as
essential to Clausewitz' concept:
War must never be seen as a purpose to itself,
but as a means of physically forcing one's will on
an opponent ("War is not merely a political act, but
also a real political instrument, a continuation of
political commerce, a carrying out of the same by
other means."[1]).
The military objectives in war that support
one's political objectives fall into two broad
types: "war to achieve limited aims" and war to
"disarm” the enemy: “to render [him] politically
helpless or militarily impotent."
The course of war will tend to favor the party
employing more force and resources (a notion
extended by Germany's leaders in World War One into
"total war"—the pursuit of complete military victory
regardless of the political consequences).
Military strategy is a
national defence policy implemented by
military organisations to pursue desired
strategic goals.[1]
Derived from the
Greek
strategos, strategy when it appeared in use
during the 18th century[2],
was seen in its narrow sense as the "art of the
general"[3],
'the art of arrangement' of troops.[4]
Military strategy deals with the planning and conduct of
campaigns, the movement and disposition of forces, and
the
deception of the
enemy. The father of modern strategic study,
Carl von Clausewitz, defined military strategy as
"the employment of battles to gain the end of war."
Liddell Hart's definition put less emphasis on
battles, defining strategy as "the art of distributing
and applying military means to fulfil the ends of
policy" Hence, both gave the pre-eminence to political
aims over military goals, ensuring
civilian control of the military.
"You must not fight too often with one enemy,
or you will teach him all your art of war." –
Napoleon Bonaparte
Military strategy is the plan and execution of
the contest between very large groups of armed
adversaries. It involves each opponent's diplomatic,
informational, military, and economic resources wielded
against the other's resources to gain supremacy or
reduce the opponent's will to fight. It is a principle
tool to secure the
national interest. A contemporary military strategy
is developed via
military science.
[5]
It is as old as
society itself. It is a subdiscipline of
warfare and of
foreign policy. In comparison,
grand strategy is that strategy of the largest of
organizations which are currently the
nation state,
confederation, or international
alliances. Military strategy has its origins before
the
Battle of the Ten Kings and will endure through the
space age. It is larger in perspective than
military tactics which is the disposition and
maneuver of units on a particular sea or battlefield.[6]
Military strategy in the 19th century was still
viewed as one of a trivium of "arts" or "sciences" that
govern the conduct of warfare; the others being
tactics, the execution of plans and manœuvering of
forces in battle, and
logistics, the maintenance of an army. The view had
prevailed since the Roman times, and the borderline
between strategy and tactics at this time was blurred,
and sometimes categorization of a decision is a matter
of almost personal opinion.
Carnot, during the
French Revolutionary Wars thought it simply involved
concentration of troops.[7]
The Battle of Siffin, illustration from a
19th century manuscript by
Muhammad Rafi Bazil.
Strategy and
tactics are closely related and exist on the same
continuum.
