Each piece in the Orchid group has a hand-forged and folded ASSAB-K120C powder steel blade, differentially tempered to produce an HRC60 edge, HRC40 back and a distinctive hamon. Saya are deeply lacquered in blue. High quality ray skin is used on the tsuka, and the tsuka-ito and sageo on all three pieces are woven from Japanese cotton. The tsuba of the Katana & Wakizashi is of blackened iron, with an Orchid and Butterfly decoration inlaid in silver, brass and copper. The koiguchi and kurigata are of buffalo horn, and the fuchi, kashira and kojiri are of bronzed iron with silver and gold detailing. The habaki is of one-piece brass construction. The blades are ungrooved, and the Katana and Wakizashi feature medium-length Kissaki. BLADE LENGTH: 7 �" HANDLE LENGTH: 4 3/4" OVERALL LENGTH: 12 �" WEIGHT: 7oz
Price: 619.99
Each piece in the Bushido group has a hand-forged and folded ASSAB-K120C powder steel blade, differentially tempered to produce an HRC60 edge, HRC40 back and a distinctive hamon. Saya are deeply lacquered in old gold with inlaid brass sakura flowers. Quality ray skin is used on the tsuka of the Katana and Wakizashi, while the tsuka of the Tanto is of gold-plated brass with a battle-scene decoration in relief. The tsuba of the Katana and Wakizashi is of blackened and bronzed iron, with detailing in gold and silver and a battle scene decoration. The tsuka-ito on the Katana and Wakizashi and the sageo on all three pieces are woven from Japanese cotton. The fuchi and kashira are of blackened bronze with brass detailing, and the kojira, koiguchi and kurigata are of polished horn. The habaki is brass. The Katana and Wakizashi blades are ungrooved, while the Tanto blade is grooved on both sides. The Katana and Wakizashi have medium length Kissaki. See Models SH1211 and SH1212 for the Wakizashi and Tanto details. BLADE LENGTH: 29" HANDLE LENGTH: 12" OVERALL LENGTH: 41" WEIGHT: 1lb 10oz Hanwei is the quality standard for the replica sword industry. Makes a great collectible for beginner or someone who wants a sure conversation piece.
Price: 994.99
Each piece in the Bushido group has a hand-forged and folded ASSAB-K120C powder steel blade, differentially tempered to produce an HRC60 edge, HRC40 back and a distinctive hamon. Saya are deeply lacquered in old gold with inlaid brass sakura flowers. Quality ray skin is used on the tsuka of the Katana and Wakizashi, while the tsuka of the Tanto is of gold-plated brass with a battle-scene decoration in relief. The tsuba of the Katana and Wakizashi is of blackened and bronzed iron, with detailing in gold and silver and a battle scene decoration. The tsuka-ito on the Katana and Wakizashi and the sageo on all three pieces are woven from Japanese cotton. The fuchi and kashira are of blackened bronze with brass detailing, and the kojira, koiguchi and kurigata are of polished horn. The habaki is brass. The Katana and Wakizashi blades are ungrooved, while the Tanto blade is grooved on both sides. The Katana and Wakizashi have medium length Kissaki. See Models SH1211 and SH1212 for the Wakizashi and Tanto details. BLADE LENGTH: 19 �" HANDLE LENGTH: 6" OVERALL LENGTH: 25 � " WEIGHT: 11oz
Price: 724.99
Each piece in the Bushido group has a hand-forged and folded ASSAB-K120C powder steel blade, differentially tempered to produce an HRC60 edge, HRC40 back and a distinctive hamon. Saya are deeply lacquered in old gold with inlaid brass sakura flowers. Quality ray skin is used on the tsuka of the Katana and Wakizashi, while the tsuka of the Tanto is of gold-plated brass with a battle-scene decoration in relief. The tsuba of the Katana and Wakizashi is of blackened and bronzed iron, with detailing in gold and silver and a battle scene decoration. The tsuka-ito on the Katana and Wakizashi and the sageo on all three pieces are woven from Japanese cotton. The fuchi and kashira are of blackened bronze with brass detailing, and the kojira, koiguchi and kurigata are of polished horn. The habaki is brass. The Katana and Wakizashi blades are ungrooved, while the Tanto blade is grooved on both sides. The Katana and Wakizashi have medium length Kissaki. See Models SH1211 and SH1212 for the Wakizashi and Tanto details. BLADE LENGTH: 10 �" HANDLE LENGTH: 4 1/4" OVERALL LENGTH: 14 �" WEIGHT: 1lb Sword Replicas by Hanwei set the standard for the industry. Any sword collector would love one of these hanging on his wall or displayed on a stand.
Price: 457.99
The Double Dragon Daggers (SH1218), whose design originated in the Orient, is a perfect conversation piece for the den or office and will handle letter-opening chores in style! The dragon, beautifully crafted in stainless steel, splits at the center to reveal twin triangular-section blades, each sheathed within the opposing half of the dragon�s body. The exotic wood stand supplied with the piece makes this an elegant and useful desk accessory. KEY FEATURES: * Traditional design * Useful desk accessory * Great executive gift MEASUREMENTS: BLADE LENGTH: 3 1/2 inches HANDLE LENGTH: 5 1/4 inches OVERALL LENGTH: 8 3/4 inches WEIGHT: 8oz each THICKNESS: .280
Price: 143.99
For those wishing to build a custom Samurai sword on a Hanwei blade, we offer in Shirasaya the blade used in the Tiger Katana (Model SH1204), which has met the cutting demands of users worldwide. This is the ungrooved version (see Model 1231-GT for the grooved version). It is forged and folded in ASSAB K-120C powder steel, differentially tempered in the traditional fashion with a distinctive hamon, and is pre-fitted with its habaki. The Japanese hardwood Shirasaya is solidly made to provide safe storage of the blade. BLADE LENGTH: 30 1/2" HANDLE LENGTH: 9 3/4" OVERALL LENGTH: 40 1/2" WEIGHT: 3lb 3oz
Price: 999.99
For those wishing to build a custom Samurai sword on a Hanwei blade, we offer in Shirasaya the blade used in the Tiger Katana (Model SH1204), which has met the cutting demands of users worldwide. This is the ungrooved version (see Model 1231-GT for the grooved version). It is forged and folded in ASSAB K-120C powder steel, differentially tempered in the traditional fashion with a distinctive hamon, and is pre-fitted with its habaki. The Japanese hardwood Shirasaya is solidly made to provide safe storage of the blade.
Price: 1069.99
An imposing piece for the fantasy enthusiasts. A highly detailed steel skull sits atop a 5-6" shaft concealing a high-carbon steel blade. The sword staff is fixated with a button-lock mechanism to allow added safety. KEY FEATURES: * Detailed Steel Skull * Button-Lock Mechanism * Great Fantasy Piece MEASUREMENTS: BLADE LENGTH: 31 1/2 inches HANDLE LENGTH: 19 inches OVERALL LENGTH: 66 inches WEIGHT: 2lb 14oz THICKNESS: .220
Price: 175.99
Our single-hand Marshall Sword sets (SH2000, SH2001 - Damascus) new standards of quality and authenticity in broadsword construction. The sword is based on an original, now in a British musuem, used by one of England�s finest knights, Sir William Marshall, who served the crown faithfully under Henry II, Richard the Lionheart and Jack Lackland. The single-hand Marshall Sword is available with either a forged high-carbon steel blade (Model SH2000) or a forged - folded Swedish powder steel blade (Model SH2001). Both blades are identical in handling characteristics and both are tempered to a tough HRC 52. The blade section features a central ridged fuller and full-length distal taper - a tough test for the bladesmith but resulting in a superb combination of speed and strength. The grip is leather wrapped and laced and the guard and pommel are elegant in their functional simplicity. The scabbard is leather-covered with steel mounts. Truly a sword for the connoisseur. KEY FEATURES: * Authentic replica of a museum piece. * Excellent balance * Fully functional MEASUREMENTS: BLADE LENGTH: 33 1/4 inches HANDLE LENGTH: 6 3/4 inches OVERALL LENGTH: 40 inches WEIGHT: 2lb 2oz THICKNESS: .235
Price: 281.99
Although Basket-Hilt swords appeared throughout Britian from the mid-sixteenth century on, their association with the seventeenth and eighteenth century Scottish highlander has become legendary. Early highland swords almost invariably carried the double-edged �broadsword� blade but by the time of the Battle of Culloden (1746) the single-edged �backsword� was at least equal in popularity. Both the Basket-Hilt backsword and broadsword are replicated from period pieces in the collection of the Royal Armouries in England. The Basket-Hilt Broadsword (SH2002) carries a typical Glasgow-style hilt from the mid-18th century. It is likely that the blade of the original sword was made in Germany a century earlier and re-hilted as basket designs were refined. Both the SH2002 and SH2002N have wire-wrapped ray skin handles and cloth-covered leather basket liner. KEY FEATURES: * Historically accurate * Wire-wrapped ray skin handles * Perfect for re-enactors MEASUREMENTS: BLADE LENGTH: 33 1/2 inches OVERALL LENGTH: 39 3/4 inches WEIGHT: 3lb 2oz THICKNESS: .150 You can always feel good about ordering a Hanwei replica sword. They are the standard bearer in quality replicas around the world. High demand creates shortages of many styles, so order your favorite replica sword whenever you find it in stock.
Price: 286.99
Replicated from an original in the collection of the Royal Armouries in England, our Mortuary Hilt Sword (SH2004) is a classic example of a cavalry or dragoon officer�s sword of the 17th century English Civil War period. Deriving its name from the style of sword which memorialized King Charles I, who was executed in 1649, The Mortuary Hilt Sword�s steel basket is decorated with scrolled foliage while an engraved head of Charles I appears on the pommel. The lozenge-section double-edged blade is partially fullered and bears the swordmaker�s mark �1414�, the derivation of which has been lost in time. The leather handle wrap terminates in silver wire �Turks Head� knots. The sword, like the original, is beautifully balanced. # Beautifully balanced # Leather handle wrap EASUREMENTS: BLADE LENGTH: 33 inches OVERALL LENGTH: 39 1/4 inches WEIGHT: 2lb 5oz THICKNESS: .240
Price: 259.99
The Practical Tai-Chi swords from Hanwei has been developed in response to many requests for a quality Tai-Chi sword for everyday practice. The 2008-GT series features three blade lengths, to suit the individual requirements of the Tai-Chi practitioner. The 2008A-GT has a blade length of 28" (see Models 2008B-GT and 2008C-GT for other blade lengths). All models feature steel guards and pommels, plated to harmonize the color scheme of the sword. The blades are fully tempered high-carbon steel with a flattened-diamond blade section. A tassel (Item 2078-GT) is available separately. KEY FEATURES: * Designed for Tai Chi practitioners * Fully tempered high-carbon steel blade * Scabbard included MEASUREMENTS: BLADE LENGTH: 28 inches HANDLE LENGTH: 6 1/3 inches OVERALL LENGTH: 34 1/2 inches WEIGHT: 1lb 3oz THICKNESS: .230
Price: 90.99
Long extolled as the pinnacle of rapier design, the "Spanish" or "Cup-Hilt" rapier undoubtedly combined style and function very effectively in 17th century Europe. The very best of these weapons featured beautifully pierced cups and pommels and CAS/Hanwei has replicated these to perfection and combined them with an elegantly tapered high-carbon steel blade in our �Taza� rapier (the name comes from the French, who called this style "a la Taza"). A leather-covered scabbard is included. KEY FEATURES: * Elegantly tapered high-carbon steel blade * Pinnacle of rapier design * Leather-covered scabbard is included MEASUREMENTS: BLADE LENGTH: 38 1/4 inches OVERALL LENGTH: 46 1/4 inches WEIGHT: 2lbs 1oz
Price: 286.99
Mainstay of the Highland warriors of the late 15th and 16th centuries, the Claymore had a uniquely styled hilt that sets it apart from other great swords of the period. Typically of hand-and-a-half length, this versatile weapon could deliver great sweeping slashes or powerful thrusts. Replicated from a surviving museum piece our Claymore (SH2060) is classic in its design, with distinctive sloping quillons terminating in quatrefoils and a high-collared quillon block with langets following the blade fuller. The leather-covered grip is topped by a globate pommel. Originally carried slung on the back, the Claymore matches perfectly with our OL1038B back scabbard on page 91. KEY FEATURES: * Authentic styling * Fully functional * Great balance MEASUREMENTS: BLADE LENGTH: 41 inches OVERALL LENGTH: 54 3/4 inches WEIGHT: 4lb 14oz THICKNESS: .220
Price: 259.99
Now available to match the ever-popular Practical Katana (1070-GT) is the Practical Wakizashi, offering the same quality at a great price. Blades are forged and differentially tempered to producing an HRC60 edge and HRC40 back. The temper line is authentic and prominent. Cost savings are effected by using fittings which, while making no claims to authenticity, are very strongly built to withstand the rigors of cutting exercises. KEY FEATURES: * Hand-forged blade * Differential tempering * Fully functional MEASUREMENTS: BLADE LENGTH: 20� HANDLE LENGTH: 6 1/2 inches PRODUCT WIDTH: 1.100 inches OVERALL LENGTH: 27 1/2 inches WEIGHT: 1lb 8oz. THICKNESS: .240
Price: 149.99
Wielded with untamed ferocity on many a Gaelic battlefield, the massive Lowlander sword vividly illustrates the might of the Scots of old. Known as �Slaughter-Swords� in the 16th century, these were the swords of choice for Scottish mercenaries of the period, and at close to six feet long the Lowlander (SH2065) faithfully replicates a surviving museum piece. Though by far the largest sword ever offered by CAS/Hanwei, the Lowlander is beautifully proportioned and balanced. The typically Scottish quatrefoils in the ring guards attest to the heritage of this imposing piece. A wall mount is provided to allow the transplanted Gael to display his sword with pride. KEY FEATURES: * Authentic styling * Fully functional * Great for re-enactors MEASUREMENTS: BLADE LENGTH: 48 inches OVERALL LENGTH: 68 1/2 inches WEIGHT: 6lb 14oz THICKNESS: .27
Price: 286.99
Combining the slashing power of the Samurai Katana with the agility and thrusting ability of fine European dueling swords, the Dark Sentinel (SH2066) is a handsome sword with a bite. Light and quick enough for single-hand fencing but with the ability to turn on awesome two-handed power, the Dark Sentinel will guard the castle gates against all would-be usurpers - without draining the Royal treasury! The forged high-carbon steel blade is complemented by a studded leather-wrapped grip with a stylized tsuba-like guard. A leather-covered scabbard with steel fittings completes the package. KEY FEATURES: * Forged high-carbon steel blade * Studded leather-wrapped grip * Fully functional MEASUREMENTS: BLADE LENGTH: 31 1/2 inches HANDLE LENGTH: 10 1/2 inches OVERALL LENGTH: 47 1/4 inches WEIGHT: 2lb 3oz THICKNESS: .230 High quality and authenticity in this sword replica from Hanwei, the leader in the field.
Price: 134.99
The Chinese Pudao, originally an infantry weapon, has been adopted into the martial arts and its use in the hands of a skilled practitioner is spectacular. This weapon is also known as a horse-cutter sword, since it was used to slice the legs out from under a horse during battle. Our Pudao (SH2072) is a weapon to be coveted by infantry of old and modern martial artists alike. The high-carbon tempered steel blade has an agressive distal taper to promote quickness and balance and a long tang for strength, while the oak staff is tightly wrapped in a traditional pattern to optimize handling and adds to the distinctive appearance, as do the dragon-head bronzed steel blade collar and bell tassel. This weapon combines the best attributes of the sword and staff. KEY FEATURES: Authentic Styling High-Carbon Tempered Blade Excellent Balance MEASUREMENTS: Handle length: 41 1/4 Overall length: 69 3/4 Weight: 5lbs 5oz Thickness: .28 Hanwei replica swords set the replica weapon standard. They are in high demand so we suggest ordering your favorite sword when you find it available. Enjoy the quality and authenticity of these fine products.
Price: 219.99
War is the reciprocal and violent application
of force between hostile political entities aimed at
bringing about a desired political end-state via armed
conflict. In his seminal work,
On War,
Carl Von Clausewitz calls war the "continuation of
political intercourse, carried on with other means."[1]
War is an interaction in which two or more militaries
have a “struggle of wills”.[2]
When qualified as a
civil war, it is a dispute inherent to a given
society, and its nature is in the conflict over modes of
governance rather than
sovereignty. War is not considered to be the same as
mere
occupation,
murder or
genocide because of the reciprocal nature of the
violent struggle, and the
organized nature of the units involved.
War is also a cultural entity, and its practice is
not linked to any single type of political organisation
or society. Rather, as discussed by
John Keegan in his “History Of Warfare”, war is a
universal phenomenon whose form and scope is defined by
the society that wages it.
[3]
The conduct of war extends along a continuum, from the
almost universal
tribal warfare that began well before recorded human
history, to wars between
city states,
nations, or
empires. A group of combatants and their support is
called an
army on land, a
navy at sea, and
air force in the air. Wars may be prosecuted
simultaneously in one or more different
theatres. Within each theatre, there may be one or
more consecutive
military campaigns. A military campaign includes not
only fighting but also intelligence, troop movements,
supplies,
propaganda, and other components. Continuous
conflict is traditionally called a
battle, although this terminology is not always fed
to conflicts involving aircraft, missiles or bombs
alone, in the absence of ground troops or naval forces.
War is not limited to the
human species, as
ants engage in massive intra-species conflicts which
might be termed warfare. It is theorized that other
species also engage in similar behavior, although this
is not well documented.
[4][5][6]
Some believe war has always been with us; others
stress the lack of clear evidence that war is not in our
prehistoric past, and the fact that many peaceful,
non-military societies have and still do exist.
Originally, war likely consisted of small-scale raiding.
Since the rise of the state some 5000 years ago,
military activity has occurred over much of the globe.
The advent of gunpowder and the acceleration of
technological advances led to modern warfare.
Since the close of the
Vietnam War, the ideas expounded by the Prussian
military theorist Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) have
come to thoroughly permeate American military writing,
doctrinal, theoretical, and historical. His book
On War, first published (as
Vom Kriege) in 1832, was adopted as a key
text at the Naval War College in 1976, the Air War
College in 1978, the Army War College in 1981. It has
always been central at the U.S. Army's School for
Advanced Military Studies at Leavenworth (founded in
1983). The U.S. Marine Corps's brilliant little
philosophical field manual
FMFM 1: Warfighting (1989) is essentially a
distillation of On War, and the newer Marine
Corps Doctrinal Publications (MCDPs,
c.1997) are equally reflective of Clausewitz's basic
concepts.*1
This is not the first time Clausewitz has been in
fashion. Indeed, On War has been the bible of
many thoughtful soldiers ever since Field Marshal
Helmuth von Moltke attributed to its guidance his
stunning victories in the wars of German unification
(1864, 1866, 1870-71). Nor is it the first time that
individual American soldiers and military
thinkers have been attracted by his ideas: George
Patton, Albert Wedemeyer, and—especially—Dwight
Eisenhower were intensely interested in what he had to
say.
It is, however, the first time that the American
armed forces as institutions have turned to
Clausewitz. While the philosopher had insisted that war
was "simply the expression of politics by other means,"
the traditional attitude of American soldiers had been
that "politics and strategy are radically and
fundamentally things apart. Strategy begins where
politics end. All that soldiers ask is that once the
policy is settled, strategy and command shall be
regarded as being in a sphere apart from politics."*2
The sudden acceptability of Clausewitz in the wake of
Vietnam is not difficult to account for, for among the
major military theorists only Clausewitz seriously
struggled with the sort of dilemma that American
military leaders faced in the aftermath of their defeat.
Clearly, in what had come to be called in scathing terms
a "political war," the political and military components
of the American war effort had come unstuck. It ran
against the grain of America's military men to criticize
elected civilian leaders, but it was just as difficult
to take the blame upon themselves. Clausewitz's analysis
could not have been more relevant:
The more powerful and inspiring the motives for
war,... the more closely will the military aims and
the political objects of war coincide, and the more
military and less political will war appear to be.
On the other hand, the less intense the motives, the
less will the military element's natural tendency to
violence coincide with political directives. As a
result, war will be driven further from its natural
course, the political object will be more and more
at variance with the aim of ideal war, and the
conflict will seem increasingly political in
character.*3
When people talk, as they often do, about
harmful political influence on the management of
war, they are not really saying what they mean.
Their quarrel should be with the policy itself, not
with its influence.
Vom Kriege (IPA: [fɔm
ˈkʁiːgə]) is a book on
war and
military strategy by
Prussian general
Carl von Clausewitz, written mostly after the
Napoleonic wars, between 1816 and 1830, and
published posthumously by his wife in 1832. It has been
translated into
English several times as On War. On
War is actually an unfinished work; Clausewitz had
set about revising his accumulated manuscripts in 1827,
but did not live to finish the task. His wife eventually
compiled all the work and the final two chapters
Clausewitz never finished.
On War is one of the first books on modern
military strategy. This is mainly due to Clausewitz'
integration of politics and social and economic issues
as some of the most important factors in deciding the
outcomes of a war. It is one of the most important
treatises on strategy ever written, and is prescribed at
various
military academies to this day.
Carl von Clausewitz was a
Prussian officer among those baffled by how the
armies of the
French Revolution and
Napoleon had changed the nature of war through their
ability to motivate the populace and thus unleash war on
a greater scale than had previously been the case in
Europe. Clausewitz was well educated and had a strong
interest in art, science, and education, but he was a
professional soldier who spent a considerable part of
his life fighting against Napoleon. There is no doubt
that the insights he gained from his experiences,
combined with a solid grasp of European history,
provided much of the raw material for the book. On
War represents the compilation of his most cogent
observations.
Note: Clausewitz states that Napoleon's tactics were
not revolutionary at all and that Napoleonic Warfare did
not change anything greatly in military history. The
technology of weaponry for the most part remained
static, and new strategies weren't developed, but rather
Napoleon refurbished old ones, mixing them into one
grand strategy.
The book contains a wealth of historical examples
used to illustrate its various concepts.
Frederick II of Prussia (the Great) figures
prominently for having made very efficient use of the
limited forces at his disposal.
Napoleon also is a central figure.
Among many strands of thought, three stand out as
essential to Clausewitz' concept:
War must never be seen as a purpose to itself,
but as a means of physically forcing one's will on
an opponent ("War is not merely a political act, but
also a real political instrument, a continuation of
political commerce, a carrying out of the same by
other means."[1]).
The military objectives in war that support
one's political objectives fall into two broad
types: "war to achieve limited aims" and war to
"disarm” the enemy: “to render [him] politically
helpless or militarily impotent."
The course of war will tend to favor the party
employing more force and resources (a notion
extended by Germany's leaders in World War One into
"total war"—the pursuit of complete military victory
regardless of the political consequences).
Military strategy is a
national defence policy implemented by
military organisations to pursue desired
strategic goals.[1]
Derived from the
Greek
strategos, strategy when it appeared in use
during the 18th century[2],
was seen in its narrow sense as the "art of the
general"[3],
'the art of arrangement' of troops.[4]
Military strategy deals with the planning and conduct of
campaigns, the movement and disposition of forces, and
the
deception of the
enemy. The father of modern strategic study,
Carl von Clausewitz, defined military strategy as
"the employment of battles to gain the end of war."
Liddell Hart's definition put less emphasis on
battles, defining strategy as "the art of distributing
and applying military means to fulfil the ends of
policy" Hence, both gave the pre-eminence to political
aims over military goals, ensuring
civilian control of the military.
"You must not fight too often with one enemy,
or you will teach him all your art of war." –
Napoleon Bonaparte
Military strategy is the plan and execution of
the contest between very large groups of armed
adversaries. It involves each opponent's diplomatic,
informational, military, and economic resources wielded
against the other's resources to gain supremacy or
reduce the opponent's will to fight. It is a principle
tool to secure the
national interest. A contemporary military strategy
is developed via
military science.
[5]
It is as old as
society itself. It is a subdiscipline of
warfare and of
foreign policy. In comparison,
grand strategy is that strategy of the largest of
organizations which are currently the
nation state,
confederation, or international
alliances. Military strategy has its origins before
the
Battle of the Ten Kings and will endure through the
space age. It is larger in perspective than
military tactics which is the disposition and
maneuver of units on a particular sea or battlefield.[6]
Military strategy in the 19th century was still
viewed as one of a trivium of "arts" or "sciences" that
govern the conduct of warfare; the others being
tactics, the execution of plans and manœuvering of
forces in battle, and
logistics, the maintenance of an army. The view had
prevailed since the Roman times, and the borderline
between strategy and tactics at this time was blurred,
and sometimes categorization of a decision is a matter
of almost personal opinion.
Carnot, during the
French Revolutionary Wars thought it simply involved
concentration of troops.[7]
The Battle of Siffin, illustration from a
19th century manuscript by
Muhammad Rafi Bazil.
Strategy and
tactics are closely related and exist on the same
continuum.
